Diversity and Conservation of Medicinal Plants in Wildlife Institute of India (WII) Campus, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14: 46-83, 2010.

Medicinal Plants Diversity and their Conservation Status in Wildlife Institute of India (WII) Campus, Dehradun

B.S. Adhikari*, M.M. Babu, P.L. Saklani and G.S. Rawat

Herbarium Section, Department of Habitat Ecology,

Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun 248 001, Uttarakhand

Phone 91 135 2640112-115, Fax 91 135 2640117

* Corresponding author: adhikaribs@wii.gov.in

Issued: January 01, 2010

Abstract

The present paper deals with the status and distribution pattern of medicinal plants in Wildlife Institute of India campus, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Based on extensive literature survey, of the total (#605 plants) 63% are medicinal plants. These medicinal plants comprise of 63 trees, 55 shrubs, 208 herbs, 34 climbers, 3 ferns and 10 grasses belong to 94 families. Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae and Euphorbiaceae are the largest families and have more than 20 species of medicinal plants. Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Verbenaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae are the dominant families with high species diversity. The nativity of plants shows that 21 species are from Himalayan region and 101 from Indian oriental region, while remaining are from various parts of the world. Pyrus pashia and Rubia cordifolia have the distribution up to cool temperate region among trees and climbers, respectively. Among plant parts, bark, leaves and roots are mainly used for trees, shrubs and climbers, respectively. However, the entire plant of herbs, grasses and sedges and leaves and roots of ferns are used. Most of the species of trees, herbs and climbers are used for diarrhoea/dysentery, shrubs for cough/cold, grasses and sedges for fever and ferns for skin diseases. The conservation efforts have been discussed in the paper.

Keywords: Doon, Medicinal plants, Nativity, Uttarakhand, Wildlife Institute of India

Introduction

The foot hills with wider valleys along the Himalayan range forms an ecotone, is bestowed with a variety of natural resources, which have been exploited by mankind since time immemorial relieving, suffering and curing ailments by trial and error. The history, religion and folklores are full of instances where the magical and curative properties of various plants have been narrated and based on speculations and superstitions the effectiveness of certain plants for different ailment was learnt (Humaun et al. 2006). Plant containing active chemical constituents (alkaloid, glycosides, saponins, essential oils, bitter principles, tannins and mucilages) in any of its part like root, stem, leaves, bark, fruit and seed, which produces a definite curing physiological response in the treatment of various ailments in humans and other animals, is regarded as medicinal plant.

In India, several medical systems have evolved and prominent among these systems are Ayurveda, Siddha and the Unani Systems of Medicine. In different civilizations the contribution of floral biodiversity to health care has been well documented (Posey 1999). Because of the accelerated local, national and international interest in recent years the demand for medicinal and aromatic plants has increased manifolds and pharmaceutical industry views plant wealth as a source of income. Due to easy availability, no side-effects, and sometimes only source of health care, the demand for medicinal plants is increasing in both developing and developed countries.

According to Schippmann et al. (2002) more than 50000 species are used for medicinal purposes worldwide, of which almost 13% are flowering plants. Over 8000 plant species are used in traditional and modern medicine in India (Planning Commission 2000), and 90-95% collection of medicinal plants is from the wild, of which more than 70% collection involves destructive and unscientific extraction. Over exploitation of trade species, destructive way of collection, vulnerability due to anthropogenic pressure are some of the major threats to medicinal plants. In order to achieve sustainable harvest of medicinal plants and other non-timber forest products (food (wild edibles), fuel, fodder, timber, making agricultural tools, fiber, religious and various other purposes), a multi-disciplinary approach must be considered which include ecological, biological, socio-cultural and economical aspects of the species (Ghimire et al. 2004).

The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that 80% of the populations rely on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs, for their primary health care needs in developing countries. Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants are issues on which immediate focus is required in the context of conserving biodiversity. Considering these facts it is important to know about the medicinal plants of the near by areas and become more crucial when the area is almost in the vicinity of the forest and well protected. Therefore, the present study deals with the status, altitudinal range, nativity, parts used, uses in various ailments and conservation efforts.

Materials and Methods

Study area

The Wildlife Institute of India campus is located in the southern fringe of Dehradun city, a capital of Uttarakhand state. It lies between 77˚57’50” to 77˚58’45” E long. and 30˚16’40” to 30˚17’15” N lat. with an altitudinal range from 640-665m asl and covers an area of ca.88 hactare (Fig. 1). In general the vegetation of the campus is natural and semi-natural, represented by various successional stages e.g., grassland (Saccharum community, Cynodon community, Phragmites community, Imperata community, Typha community and mixed grass community with Lantana), scrubland (Lantana community and mixed shrub community), riverine forest (Sapium community and Broussonetia papyrifera community) and woodland of old sal community and coppice sal community. The campus is rich in its floral diversity (total 605 plants, which is almost one third of Doon valley flora. Among faunal diversity of the campus, 16 mammal species (half of them very occasionally), 295 species of birds (including migratory birds), 73 species of butterflies, 16 species of moths, 17 species of spiders, 21 species of reptiles and 11 species of amphibians have been recorded.

Climate, Geology and Soil

The topography of the campus is dendritic type, small channels drain in to Asan river, a tributary to river Yamuna, flows on the northern periphery of the campus. The temperature in summer is so intense and in winter drops down to freezing point due to heavy snow fall in the adjacent hilly regions. The campus receives an average annual rainfall of 1200-1300mm, of which 75% accounted during rainy season only (WII Meteorological station). The study area falls under tectonic groupbelongs to lower and upper tertiary rocks and sedimentary river deposits of the Shivalik system comprises sand stone, silt, clay and conglomerates (Wadia 1967). The soil is alluvial and highly fertile.

Methods

An extensive literature survey includes several florulas, such as Anonymous (1948-1976), Balodi (1988), Lal and Dube (1984), Duthei (1903-29), Gaur et al. (1983), Gaur (1999), Goel and Bhattacharya (1981), Gupta (1962, 1968, 1981), Hooker (1887-1897), Jain (1968, 1991), Kanjilal (1928), Maheshwari and Singh (1984), Nathani (1984), Nautiyal (1981), Osmaston (1926), Purohit and Dhar (1997), Purohit et al. (1985), Raizada and Saxena (1978), Rajwar (1983), Rawat and Pangtey (1987), Samant et al. (1998), Singh and Prakash (2002), Singh et al. (1980), Sharma et al. (1979) and Uniyal et al. (2002) was carried out for Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun on medicinal plants, their use, distribution along an altitudinal gradient, parts used and uses for different ailments. Bennet (1987) was used for name changes and Anonymous (1883-1970) for the nativity of the plants.

Results

Status of medicinal plants

The Wildlife Institute of India harbours 605 plants (94% wild and 6% palnted), of which 13% were trees, 12% shrubs, 48% herbs, 10% climbers, 15% grasses/sedges and 2% ferns. The WII campus herbaceous flora accounted 48% of the total wild herbaceous flora of Dehradun (Babu 1977). Of the total wild plants in WII campus, 62% (376 plants, Appendix I) are used for medicinal purposes, of which 16% were trees, 14% shrubs, 50% herbs, 11% climbers, 8% grasses/sedges and 2% ferns (Fig. 2). In each taxa most of the plants are used for medicinal purposes (79% trees, 71% shrubs, 64% herbs, 67% climbers, 32% grasses/sedges and 55% ferns of the total). The total families in the campus and medicinal plants’ families and genera across the taxa is shown in Fig. 2.

Distribution of family

Most of the families (73) were represented by single species (Monospecific family). However, the families represented the maximum number of medicinal plants are in the following order: Fabaceae (37) > Asteraceae (27) > Poaceae (24) > Euphorbiaceae and Lamiaceae (15 in each), Malvaceae (10), Acanthaceae (9), Apocynaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Verbenaceae (8 in each) and Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae (7 in each). Across different taxa Euphorbiaceae (7), Moraceae (6) and Caesalpiniaceae (4) were the dominant families in trees, Verbenaceae (8), Apocynaceae and Fabaceae (4 in each) in shrubs, Asteraceae (25), Fabaceae (21), Lamiaceae (13) and Convolvulaceae (10) in herbs, Fabaceae (9), Cucurbitaceae (5), Asclepiadaceae and Dioscoreaceae (4 in each) in climbers, Poaceae (24) in grass/sedge and Adiantaceae (2) in fern.

Nativity

The nativity of plants for all the taxa showed that the plants from other regions of the world are higher followed by plants from Indian origin (Appendix I). The contribution of trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers from the Himalayan region was 6%, 12%, 3% and 12%, respectively.

Fig. 2. Total medicinal plant family, genera and species in different taxa.

Distribution along altitudinal gradient

The distribution pattern of all the species in different taxa showed that all species found in sub-tropical region (up to 1500m). Thirteen species, of the total medicinal tree species had distribution up to warm temperate region, of which Pyrus pashia had the distribution up to cool temperate region. Of the total 52 medicinal shrubs, only 17 species had the distribution up to warm temperate region. Nine species of medicinal grasses and sedges and 2 species of ferns had the distribution up to warm temperate region. Among 187 medicinal herbs 2 species had the distrbition up to alpine region, 5 species up to sub-alpine region, 19 species up to cool temperatre region and 81 species up to warm temperate region. Rubia cordifolia is the only climber which had the distribution up to cool temperatre region, while 9 climbers had the distribution up to warm temperate region.

Plant part used

The plant part used for various ailments is shown in Fig. 3. The bark of maximum number of trees (39 species) is used followed by fruits (31 species) and leaves (27 species) for various ailments. Leaves of maximum number of shrubs (35 species) are used followed by roots (28 species) and fruits (18 species) for various ailments. Ninty one species of herbaceous plants are entirely used followed by leaves (84 species), roots (58 species) and seeds (29 species). Roots of maximum climbers (19 species) are used followed by leaves (18 species). The grasses and sedges are used as whole plant and roots (each 13 species). The leaves and roots (each 2 species) and whole plant (3 species) of ferns are used.

Fig. 3. Plant parts used for medicinal purposes across different taxa.

Use in ailments

The maximum number of tree species used for diarrhoea/dysentary (23%) followed by stomachache (10%) and asthma (9%; Fig. 4). The maximum number of shrubs used for cough and cold (15%) followed by diarrhoea/dysentary (13%) and skin diseases (11%). Most of the herb species used for diarrhoea/dysentary (14%) followed by fever (12%) and wounds (11%). Among climbers, maximum number of species used for diarrhoea/dysentary (14%) followed by fever (12%) and awounds (11%), while grasses and sedges mainly used for fever (17%) followed by asthama (13%) and diarrhoea/dysentary (12%). The ferns used mainly in skin diseases (24%) followed by cough and cold (18%) and fever (12%, Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Use of different taxa for various ailments.

Conservation efforts

Ecological monitoring is one of the essential strategy required for the conservation of biodiversity component required for the conservation of biodiversity as it not only provides baseline data, but also enable to track the changes due to climatic factors over a period of time by considering the reasons responsible for that and the probable consequences. Several changes in different landform units or habitats have been observed in the campus since long (>15 years) due to change in local climate of the region. The seasonal effects and manipulation of water course have changed habitats drastically, such as the long-term directional changes i.e. succession and nutrient cycling. A total of 22 species (6 trees, 5 shrubs, 10 herbs and 1 climber) have been identified for future monitoring, which are important from conservation point of view (Table 2). By recognizing the status of various species growing in the campus, in-situ conservation will be helpful in similar lines as Task Force on MAPs recognizes Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas (MPCA) and the campus will act as gene pool.

Table 2: Important medicinal plants for monitoring in WII campus.

Species	Habit	Status
Achyranthes aspera	Herb	Common
Adhatoda zeylanica	Shrub	Rare
Asparagus adscendens	Herb	Occassional
Azadirachta indica	Tree	Rare
Bacopa monnieri	Herb	Rare
Boerhavia diffusa	Shrub	Rare
Calotropis procera	Shrub	Rare
Centella asiatica	Herb	Common
Eclipta prostrata	Herb	Common
Emblica officinalis	Tree	Rare
Melia azedarach	Tree	Rare
Mucuna nigricans	Climber	Rare
Peristrophe paniculata	Herb	Occassional
Phyllanthus urinaria	Herb	Common
Plumbago zeylanica	Herb	Rare
Rauwolfia serpentina	Herb	Occassional
Ricinus communis	Shrub	Rare
Solanum nigrum	Shrub	Common
Syzygium cumini	Tree	Common
Terminalia bellirica	Tree	Rare
Terminalia chebula	Tree	Occassional
Tridax procumbens	Herb	Common

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Director and Dean, FWS at Wildlife Institute of India for encouragement and providing necessary facilities.

References

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Appendix I. Medicinal and aromatic plant species of Wildlife Institute of India campus, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

Species

Local name

Family

Nativity

Altitudinal range (m)

Parts used

Uses

CLIMBERS

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) Br.

Kali-dudhi

Apocynaceae

Zeylan

300-1500

Rt, Lv, Wp

Rheumatism, blood purifier, asthma, cough, bronchitis, bone fracture, cholera,constipation, dysentery, fever, nigh blindness, measles, ulcer, vomiting tonic, febrifuge, leucoderma

Vallaris solanacea (Roth.) Ktze.

Safed-bel

Apocynaceae

Ind or. Burma

300-1600

La, St

Sores, syphilis, abortificient, wounds

Calamus tenuis Roxb.

Bent

Arecaceae

Reg. Himal. Burma

250-800

Fr, Fl

Leucorrhoea, amenorrhoea

Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. andSchult.

Dudhi-bel, Meda-Singhi

Asclepiadaceae

Ind or.

300-1500

Rt, La, Wp

Fissure on sole, fever, rheumatism, dysentery, dropsy, cuts, cholera, abdominal pain, body ache, stomach ache, syphilis, stop bleeding

Marsdenia tenacissima Moon

Marua-bel, Jiti

Asclepiadaceae

Ind r. Malaya

300-1000

Stomach ache, urinary complaints, cough, fever, asthma

Telosma pallida Craib.

Surkilla

Asclepiadaceae

Ind. or.; China

400-1500

Lv, Wp

Cough

Tylophora hirsuta Wt.

Terni

Asclepiadaceae

Reg. Himal.

400-1400

Lv, Rt

Bronchitis, cold and cough, abortificient, hydrophobia

Celastrus paniculatus Willd.

Kaunya, Malkagni

Celastraceae

As Trop Malaya

400-1200

Mental disorders and ophthalmia, anaemia, abortifacient, backache, gout, headache, paralysis, stomachache, wounds, swollen veins, rheumatism, leprosy, diarrhoea, bone fracture, bronchitis, cold, cough, body ache, eczema, fever, digestive complaints

Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy

Parhar, Safed Hulhul

Convolvulaceae

Geront Trop

300-1500

Lv,Rt, Wp

Head ache, rubefacient, vesicant, neuralgia, rheumatism, anthelmintic, gum troubles, sexual weakness, fits

Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd.

Jangli-Karela

Cucurbitaceae

Ind Or.

500-1100

Fever, injuries, piles, asthma, bronchitis, head ache, postnatal, spleen problem, dysentery, diphtheria

Mukia maderaspatana Roem

Ban Kakhri, Gulya Kakri

Cucurbitaceae

As. et.; Afr. trop.

500-1000

Sd, Rt

Malarial fever, urinary disorders, vomiting, tooth ache, diarrhoea

Trichosanthes cucumerina L.

Jangli-chchinda

Cucurbitaceae

As. et.; Austr. trop.

500-1300

Rt, Fr

Malaria, fever, jaundice, prugative, stomach problem

Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.

Indrian, Lal Indrayan

Cucurbitaceae

Cochinchin.

400-1500

Lv, Rt, Fr

Asthma, bronchitis, diabetes emetic, hoops and mouth disease of cattle, burns, diarrhoea, pheumonia

Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond

Bankundri

Cucurbitaceae

Am. bor; Ind. occ.

300-1500

Vineral diseases

Dioscorea belophylla Voigt.

Tairu, Turar, Tarur

Dioscoreaceae

Himal.

400-1500

Medicinal, edible

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Genthi, Ratalu

Dioscoreaceae

As Trop

300-2100

Dysentery, abdominal pain, jaundice, boils, piles

Dioscorea hispida Dennst.

Kuliapapad

Dioscoreaceae

Ind Or.

300-1000

Boils, rabbies

Dioscorea pentaphylla L.

Kou, Phal-alu, Kanta-alu

Dioscoreaceae

As Trop

300-1500

Rheumatism, asthma, bone fracture, cough, bile complaints, anasarca, dropsy, abdominal pain after delivery

Abrus pulchellus Wall. ex Thw.

Gaunchi

Fabaceae

Ind.or: Afr. austr.

400-1200

Stops conception

Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth.

Bandal

Fabaceae

Austr

300-1500

Lv, Wp

Dysentery, cholera, dropsy, gonorrhoea, night fever, wounds, syphilis, veneral diseases, female sterility, child birth, post natal treatment,swelling, anasarca, burns, spermatorrhoea, baldness, small-pox, sores, leg pain

Butea parviflora Roxb.

Fabaceae

Ind Or Burma

400-1000

St, Bk, Rt

Cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, madness, mucus in urine, reheumetic pain in ribns, stomach ache tooth ache, verner diseases

Milletia extensa (Benth.) Baker.

Gauju, Gonj

Fabaceae

Burma

300-1000

Spleen diseases, toothache, fever and sores

Mucuna nigricans (Lour.) Steud.

Bhaisalu, Gaunchhi

Fabaceae

Cochinchin.

500-1200

Cholera, throat pain, fever

Puereria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.

Sli-niangtythe

Fabaceae

Ind Or. Malaya China

800-1200

Tooth ache

Puereria tuberosa (Willd.) DC.

Siralu, Saral

Fabaceae

Reg. Himal.

400-1500

Asthma and abdoman pain, body ache, chest pain, cholera, swell and ulcer

Rhynchosia minima DC.

Fabaceae

Reg. Himal.

400-1200

Abortifacient

Vigna vexillata Benth.

Halunda

Fabaceae

Geront. trop.

300-800

Rt, Wp

Rheumatism, ulcer, cholera, weakness

Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz.

Aita-lagula, Madhavi

Malpighiaceae

Burma

300-1000

Skin diseases

Cissampelos parriera L.

Pahre, Parha

Menispermaceae

Reg Trop

600-2000

Lv, Rt

Antidote to snake and scorpion bite, constipation, gastric trouble, cough and urinary troubles, abdominal diseases, colic pain, diphtheria

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels

Jaljamni, Chhirentha

Menispermaceae

Ind Or. Afr Trop

500-2000

Body swelling, wounds and joint pain

Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Me

Gilao, Giloei

Menispermaceae

Ind Or. Malaya

600-1600

St, Lv

Urinary troubles, general debility, malaria, emitic, leprosy, fever

Jasminum multiflorum (Burma.f.) Aners

Chameli

Oleaceae

As Trop

250-2500

Pimples and eczema

Passiflora edulis Sims.

Passion fruit

Passifloraceae

Brass

400-1500

Lv, Rt

Stomach ache, sores

Passiflora foetida L.

Gharibel, Gudsar

Passifloraceae

Brass

400-1000

Sd, Lv, Fr, Wp

Tonic, debility, headache, inflamation, wounds, itching, asthma, cold and cough

Clematis gouriana Roxb.

Kanguli, Belkum, Santi

Ranunculaceae

Ind Or. Malaya

500-2000

Lv, St

Eye diseases, skin diseases, blisters

Gouania tiliaefolia Lam.

Rangchero, Kangorkur

Rhamnaceae

Ins. mascar

300-1000

Diarrhoea and spasmodic pain, dandruf

Ventilago denticulata Willd.

Kali-beli, Keonti, Raidhani

Rhamnaceae

Ind Or

300-800

Rt, Fl, Wp, Bk, St.

Fever, night blind, cool, earache, retention urine and faeces, headache, rheumatism, spermat, dysuria, eye diseases, abortificient, syphilis, ulcer, stomachache,

Rubia cordifolia L.

Kasoos

Rubiaceae

As Trop Temp Afr Trop

400-2700

Rt, St

Blood clotting agent, menorrhagia

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Kanphuti, Kakadni

Sapindaceae

Reg. Trop.

400-1500

Rt, Lv, Sd

Supressed mensturation, indigenous and fever

Smilax wightii DC.

Bhitura, Chhob-chini

Smilacaceae

Ind Or. Malaya

300-1500

Dysentery, amoebiasis, veneral diseases, leucorrhoea, urinary complaints, fever, spermatorrhoea, antifertility, anaemia, rheumatic-arthritis, veterinary amoebiasis, gastric complaints

Ampelocissus latifolia (Vahl) Planch.

Bhimna, Bhinura, Bhiranya

Vitaceae

Ind Or.

300-1700

Rt, Bk,

Inflmatory, dysentery, fever, boil, bone fracture, pain in stomach, pneumonia, skin diseases, wounds, sores, snake bite

FERNS

Adiantum caudatum L.

Mayurshikha

Adiantaceae

Africa et Asia tropica. Ins. N. Hebridae.

400-1800

Skin diseases, asthma, fever, cough, bronchitis, burning sensation inside body

Adiantum incisum Forsk.

Adiantaceae

Mexico-Ecuador. Galapagos.

300-1800

Skin diseases, diabetes, cough

Dryopteris cochleata (Don.)Chr.

Hathajodi

Dryopteridaceae

300-2000

Rh, Fronds

Cholera

Equisetum ramosissimumDesf.

Dambro

Equisetaceae

300-1300

Swelling

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.

Kukri-bisi, Maha-Jal

Lygodiaceae

300-1200

Cough, abdomin pain, abortificient, cholera, antifertility, constipation rheumatism, eczema, jaundice, cuts, fever, stomachache

Cheilanthes farinosa (Forst.)Kaulf.

Sonapali

Sinopteridaceae

300-1200

Rt, Fronds

Eczema, menstrual disorder, stomach ache

GRASSES

Apluda mutica L.

Tachula, Ponai

Poaceae

As Trop Polynes Austr

300-2500

Veterinary mouth sores

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Sankuru, Jargadi

Poaceae

As Trop

300-2100

Sd, Wp

Tonic, diarrhoea, fever, dysentery, thirst

Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats.

Piriya-ghas, Rohis, Rohsa

Poaceae

Reg Trop

300-1400

Lv, oil

Skin disease, cold, rheumatism, biliousness

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Dubla, Doob

Poaceae

Cosmop.

250-1800

Rt, Lv, Wp

Fever, internal injury, dysentery, dropsy, cramps, piles, bleeding piles, urinary complaints, menstrual disorders, headache, refrifuge, antifertility, carbuncle, wounds, stomach ulcer, sores, stops bleeding, Bleeding from nose

Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) Beauv.

Makra-ghas

Poaceae

Cosmop Trop et Sub Trop

300-1000

Stomachache

Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf.

Poaceae

Madag

300-800

Dysentery

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Jharnpriya-kodu, Mandla

Poaceae

Cosmop Trop et Sub Trop

300-1500

Fever

Hemarthria compressa (L.f.) Br.

Biksa

Poaceae

Reg Trop

400-1000

Dyspepsia

Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv.

Kumrya ghas, Kher

Poaceae

Reg Trop

300-1500

Sd, Wp, Rt, Awn

Piles, Scorpion sting, rabbies, dysentery, fever, muscular pain, toothache, atrophy, emaciation, asthma

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.

Sauraun, Siru

Poaceae

Reg Calid

300-2000

Rt, Rh

Piles, fever, intestinal parasites, spleen and liver complaints, tonic, wounds, fermenting rice beer

Lolium temulentum L.

Mochni

Poaceae

Europe As Temp

400-2400

Veterinary convulsion, paralysis due to fungus infected fodder

Oryza sativa L.

Dhan, Saatti

Poaceae

Ind Or.

300-1200

Fl, Grain

Antifertility, local drink, edible

Paspalum scorbiculatum L.

Paplya, Kodra

Poaceae

Geront Trop

300-2200

Rt, Grain

Painful urination, eye diseases, Cold and cough, sores, carbuncle

Phragmites karka Trin. ex Steud.

Narkat

Poaceae

As.; Afr; Austr.

250-800

Paralysis

Saccharum spontaneum L.

Munj, Kansh

Poaceae

Geront Trop

300-1800

Lv, Wp

Burns, cholera, urinary complaints, cough, asthma

Setaria verticillata Beauv.

Latkaunya, Laptuna

Poaceae

Cosmop.

250-1200

Constipation, local drink

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

Chinna, Bharu

Poaceae

Reg Calid

300-1500

Sd, Wp, Lv

Stomach disorders, fever, antidote to snake poison, local drink

Sporobolus diander Beauv

Sitya

Poaceae

As. et Austr. trop

300-1500

Burns and pimples

Themeda arundinacea Ridley

Kulpura, Kapur-khas

Poaceae

Penins.; Malaya

300-900

Fever

Themeda gigantea Hack.

Poaceae

Ins Philip

300-1400

Spleen complaints, stomachache, sores, impotance, gonorrhoea, cholera, bronchitis, oedema, asthma, anasarca, spermatorrhoea

Thysanolaena maxima Ktze.

Naktura, Nastura

Poaceae

As Trop

400-2000

Fl, Rt, Sd

Abortifacient, eye complaints, asthma, bronchitis, antifertility, child birth, pulmonary tuberculosis

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash

Khas, Veeran-mool

Poaceae

As Trop

300-1600

Rt, Wp

Anthelmintic, fever, epilepsy, boils, burns, mouth sores, toothache, malaria, scorpion sting, snakebite

Dendrocalamus strictus Nees

Poaceae

Cosmop Trop et Sub Trop

300-1500

Rt, Lv, Rh, Sd

Infertility, cough, fever, injuries, tonic

SEDGES

Cyperus iria L.

Agarmotha

Cyperaceae

Geront Trop

250-1500

Rheumatism

Cyperus kyllingia Endl.

Cyperaceae

Amphig Trop

400-1200

Tumor

Cyperus pangorei Rottb.

Cyperaceae

Geront Trop

600-1200

Atrophy, antidote to snake poison

Cyperus rotundus L.

Motha

Cyperaceae

Geront Trop

300-1500

Wp, Rt, Bb.

Astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, jaundice, wounds, sores, urinary complaints, stomach disorders, dysentery, bowel complaints, masticatory, heat stroke, snake bite

Cyperus triceps Endl.

Cyperaceae

Geront. trop.

300-1000

Liver complaints

HERBS

Barleria cristata L.

Saundi, Kala-bansa

Acanthaceae

Ind Or. Burma

250-1500

Wp, Rt, Lv

Bronchitis, swelling on legs, toothache, bodyache, anaemia, pneumonia, wounds, antidote to snake poison

Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees

Kulartore, Kuthhi

Acanthaceae

Ind Or.

500-2000

Lv, Wp

Cough, gastroenteritis, checks bleeding from wounds

Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Heine

Talimkhana

Acanthaceae

Ind Or.

250-600

Rt. Lv

Aphrodisiac, cancer, dropsy, bodypain, jaundice, malaria, tonic, tuberculosis, fistula, impotance, urenogenital complaints, liver complaints

Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.)T.Anders

Minjonja

Acanthaceae

Ind Or.; Malaya

300-1000

Headache

Lepidagathis incurva Don

Acanthaceae

As Trop

400-1200

Ear complaints

Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spr.

Daledirdu, Panj-ki jadi

Acanthaceae

Amphig Trop

300-900

Rt, Fr, Lv

Wounds, diarrhoea, syphilis, gastric problems, blister, boils on tongue

Perilepta auriculata Bremek.

Pandai

Acanthaceae

Ind Or.; Burma

400-800

Febrifuge

Peristrophe paniculata Burm

Kaknadi, Chirchiri

Acanthaceae

Ind Or.

250-1400

Wp, Rt, Fr, Lv

Wounds, gout, rheumatism, eye diseases, bone fracture, sprain

Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees

Dabari, Hasa-arak

Acanthaceae

Ind Or. Burma

250-1200

Small pox

Agave americana L.

Ram-bans

Agavaceae

As Trop

300-1800

Paultice, fish poison

Trianthema portulacastrum L.

Santhi, Swet-punarnava

Aizoaceae

Am. trop.

600-1000

Asthma, amenorrhoea, liver troubles, jaundice

Achyranthes aspera L.

Latjiri, Lich-kuri

Amaranthaceae

Geront. trop.

500-2200

Malarial fever, dropsy, child birth, bleeding, cold, colic, cough, dysentery, headache, ear complaints, hydrophobia, boils, insect bite

Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Bl.

Sufedphulia

Amaranthaceae

Java

500-1500

Diuretic and demulcent

Alternanthera ficoides (L.)R.Br. ex Roem.andSchultz.

Amaranthaceae

Geront. trop

200-1000

Urinary complaints, abortifacient

Alternanthera pungens H.B.K.

Bharatiya kanti

Amaranthaceae

Bras.

250-1500

Tonic

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.br ex DC.

Gaitewar

Amaranthaceae

Reg. trop

200-1500

Puerperal fever, malarial fever, night blindness, post natal treatment, rheumatism, bone fracture, eye complaints, diarrhoea, dysentery, bee reppellent

Amaranthus spinosus L.

Kantelu-marsu

Amaranthaceae

Reg Trop

500-1200

Dismenorrhoea, antiemitic, blood purifier, cough, cold, eczema, Gonorrhoea

Amaranthus viridis L.

Jangli-chaulai

Amaranthaceae

Reg Trop

500-1200

Vermifuge, centipede bite, Scorpion bite

Celosia argentia L.

Gadrya

Amaranthaceae

Cosmop Trop

500-1000

Sd, Lv

Blood purifier, bleeding dysentery, Diarrhoea, Sore in mouth, Purgative

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban

Brahmi-buti

Apiaceae

Reg Trop et Sub Trop

300-2500

Blood purifier, tonic, diuretic, leprosy, syphilis, wounds, mental disorders, cooling, brain nourisher, improves memory

Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott

Bag-Mungri

Araceae

Reg. Himal.

500-1500

Veterinary diseases, edible

Sauromatum venosum (Ait.) Kunth

Bhasm-kant

Araceae

Ind Bor Occ

500-2500

Skin disease, sores, tumors, poultice

Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott.

Gaj-peepal, Hathkaul

Araceae

Aethiopia

250-800

Fr, Wp. Rt

Cancer, cholera, bone fracture, scabies, pneumonia, stomachache, syphilis, tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis, stimulant, aphrodisiac

Asclepias curassavica L.

Lamla, Kakatundi

Asclepiadaceae

Amer Austr

300-2000

La, Rt

Gonorrhoea, ulcer, wounds, anthelmintic, abdominal pain, piles, flowers used in psychomedicine

Acanthospermum hispidum DC.

Gokhru, Gondhichedi

Asteraceae

Bras.

300-1500

Skin diseases and fever

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Gundrya, Gandhela

Asteraceae

Reg Trop

300-1500

Fl, Sd

Skin ailments, cuts, sores, kindney stone, cancer, boils, diarrhoea, head ache, colic, leprosy, muscular pain, scabies, sores, swell body, uterine disorders, snake bite

Ageratum houstonianum Mill.

Neelum

Asteraceae

Mexic

300-1200

Tonic, diarrhoea

Bidens pilosa L.

Kumur, Kumra

Asteraceae

Ind. occ. Am.; Austr.

300-1500

Cough, bronchitis, leucoderma

Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC.

Kakranda

Asteraceae

Ind Or. Malaya Ins Mascar

400-1000

Lv, Wp

Vermifuge, piles, cuts and wounds, burns, urinary complaints, bronchitis and fever

Caesulia axillaris Roxb.

Bhelwandi

Asteraceae

Ind Or.

300-600

Lv, Wp

Goitre, baldness, stomach complaints

Centipeda minima (L.) Br. and Asch.

Nakh-Chhikni

Asteraceae

As et Austr Trop Ins Pacif

300-800

Lv, Wp

Headache, promote sneezing, epilepsy, hydrocele, influenza

Cirsium wallichii DC.

Kandeiya, Kandra

Asteraceae

Reg. Himal.

300-3000

Lv, Rt

Hepatic and spleen trouble, skin diseases, scorpion stings, chest pain, dysentery, thirst

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Bhangri, Bhangru, Bringraj

Asteraceae

Cosmop Trop

200-1500

Liver complaints, asthma, fever, constipation, bronchitis, throat pain, conjuctivitis, antiseptic, jaundice, itching, gastric complaints, promote hair growth, scorpion sting, malaria, toothache, wounds, swelling, used in the preparation of bringraj thel

Elephantopus scaber L.

Adhomukha

Asteraceae

Cosmop Trop

300-1500

Intermitant fever, headache, heart diseases, liver complaints, pimples, rheumatism, swelling, dysentery, cough, dropsy, facilitate child birth, syphilis, vomiting, urinary

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.

Hirankuri, Dudhi

Asteraceae

Afr Trop

250-2000

Febrifuge, Diarrhoea, night blindness, cattaract, bruises, cooling, inflamatory, wounds, eye diseases, boils, earache

Enhydra fluctuans Lour.

Hingcha

Asteraceae

Cochinchin.

300-1800

Dropsy, bllod pressure, snake bite, anasarca

Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengl.

Kharna, Bakura

Asteraceae

Jamaic.; Mexic.

250-2000

Antiseptic, wounds, stomachache, toothache, cuts, haemostat

Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Marchya

Asteraceae

Amer Austr

600-2000

Antidote to nettle sting, stop bleeding, snake bite

Gnaphalium polycaulon Per.

Pondpadro

Asteraceae

Geront Trop

300-800

Gastric complaints

Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Gajar ghas, Jhilmi

Asteraceae

Amer Bor et Austr

250-1500

Rt, Fl

Nasal block in cold

Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.-Maz.

Murang

Asteraceae

Reg. Himal.

500-2000

Lv, Rt

Leucoderma, carminative, fever, colic

Senecio nudicaulis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

Neelkanthi, Ratpati

Asteraceae

Reg. Himal.

400-900

Rt, Lv

Fever, colic, skin diseases

Siegesbeckia orientalis L.

Liskura, Gobariya

Asteraceae

Cosmop Trop

250-2000

Diarrhoea, bowl complaints, boils, ulcer, wounds, sores, skin diseases, heart diseases

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.

Pili-dudhi

Asteraceae

Cosmop.

300-3000

Wp, Lv

Cuts, blood purifier, wounds, tonic

Tridax procumbens L.

Kumra, Kanphuli

Asteraceae

Amer Trop

250-1500

Wp, Lv

Antiseptic, cuts and wounds, toothache, stomach pain, ulcer, sores, stone in urinary bladder, leprosy, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, haemostat, eczema, blisters and boils, eye diseases, scorpion bite

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.

Kalgira, Kaljiri

Asteraceae

Amphig Trop

300-1500

Lv, Wp, Rt

Dysentery, impotance, lactation, cholera, constipation, leucorrhoea, malaria, piles, night blindness, skin diseases, wounds, spleen complaints, insect bite

Xanthium strumarium L.

Gokhuriya, Bhangra, Kurou

Asteraceae

Cosmop.

250-1800

Fr, Sd, Lv, Rt

Refrifuge, malaria, headache, eye diseases, cancer wounds, piles, rheumatism, scrofula, ringworm, Urinary complaitns, ulcer, toothache,

Youngia japonica (L.) DC.

Rumdum, Rupjup

Asteraceae

As Trop Austr

300-1000

Rt, Wp

Urinary complaints, galactagogue

Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk.

Lichkura, Andhahuli

Boraginaceae

Arabia

300-3200

Wp. Rt

Muscular pain, cold and cough, aphrodisiac

Cynoglossum zeylanicum Thumb. Ex Lehm.

Andhahuli

Boraginaceae

Ind Or. Malaya

400-3000

Lv, Rt

Asthma, bronchitis, vomiting, cough and diarrhoea

Trichodesma indicum (L.) Br.

Aundhi, Chhota-Kulpha

Boraginaceae

Ind Or. Afghan Persia

250-1500

Rt, Fr, Lv

Stomachache, vermifuge, wounds, sores, boils, eczema, pyrrohea swellings on joints, brain tonic

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

Tuntkya, Botlya

Brassicaceae

Reg Temp

400-4500

Lv, Rt, Wp

Gonorrhoea, diarrhoea, dropsy, blood pressure, cuts and wounds, urinary troubles

Cardamine scutata Thunb.

Brassicaceae

Japan

450-4000

Epilepsy, cold and cough

Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.

Jangli-alai

Brassicaceae

Cosmop.

400-2000

Headache

Cassia absus L.

Chaaksee, Cheaksu, Banar

Caesalpiniaceae

Cosmop Trop

400-1000

Lv, Sd

Ophthalmic, skin diseases, wounds, eye infection, diarrhoea, cough

Cassia occidentalis L.

Taror, Chakunda, Kasonda

Caesalpiniaceae

Cosmop Trop

400-1400

Lv, Sd, Fl

Eczema, gastric trouble, lactation, ringworm, skin diseases, dysentery, bone fracture, rheum and snake bite

Cassia pumila Lam.

Caesalpiniaceae

Cosmop. trop.

400-1800

Galact, piles

Cassia tora L.

Chakunda, Panvar, Chakramarde

Caesalpiniaceae

Cosmop Trop

400-1300

Lv, Rt, Sd, St.

Night blindness, eczema, antseptic, cuts, cold, stomach ache, wounds, scabies, rhemetic, jaundice, skin diseases, bone fracture

Cannabis sativa L.

Bhang

Cannabinacaeae

As Centr

600-2800

Lv,Sd

Intoxication, narcotic, bronchitis, convulsion, cramps, epilepsy, dyspepsia, ear complaint, gonorrhoea, paralysis of tongue, skin disease, laxative, nervine stimulant

Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex R. and S.

Pithpapra

Caryophyllaceae

Cosmop Trop

500-2000

Burns, boils, headache, diarrhoea, dysentery, pneumonia, skin diseases, mouth sores, tongue sores, hay fever, food poison, insect bite, asthma

Stellaria media (L.)Vill.

Caryophyllaceae

Reg Bor Temp

300-2700

Bone fracture

Chenopodium album L.

Bathua, Bathu

Chenopodiaceae

Reg Temp et Trop

500-3000

Lv, Sd

Skin disease, urinary complaints

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Chenopodiaceae

Reg Temp et Trop

500-1200

Lv, Sd

Typhoid, anthelum, pneumonia, vermifuge, piles

Chenopodium murale L.

Chenopodiaceae

Reg Bor et Austr

500-1200

Asthma

Cleome viscosa L.

Jakhya, Hulhul

Cleomaceae

Geront Trop

400-1800

Rheumatic, arthritis, otorrhoea and wounds

Commelina benghalensis L.

Kankaua, Kansura

Commelinaceae

Geront Trop

300-2000

Lv, Rt

Liver complaints, wounds, scorpion bite, sores, fever, laxative, diarrhoea, irritation by catterpillar

Commelina diffusa Burm.f.

Kanshura

Commelinaceae

Reg. trop.

250-600

Antidote to snake bite

Commelina suffruticosa Bl.

Commelinaceae

Java

300-1500

Menorrhoea

Murdania nudiflora (l.) Brenan.

Kansura

Commelinaceae

Ind Or.

300-2000

Wp, Rt

Leprosy, stomach complaints, giddiness, astringent

Convolvulus arvensis L.

Heyranpatu, Rajbala

Convolvulaceae

Geront Trop

250-1500

Rt, Wp

Pergative, burns and bruises, detergent

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Sankhpuspi

Convolvulaceae

Amphig Trop

300-1500

Wp, Lv

Fever, cough and cold, stomach ache, ulcer, dysentery, asthma, bronchitis and brain tonic

Evolvulus nummularius L.

Cgubuoata, Sukrisure

Convolvulaceae

Amphig. trop.

250-1500

Wounds, cuts, burns, scorpion sting, hysteria

Ipomoea batatas Poir.

Shakarkand

Convolvulaceae

Reg. trop.

300-1000

Rich iron

Ipomoea cairica Sweet.

Neeli-bel

Convolvulaceae

Amohig. trop.; Aegypt

300-1500

Fr, Sd

Pugative, cough and cold

Ipomoea eriocarpa Br.

Kumpan-bel

Convolvulaceae

Geront Trop

300-1500

Rheumatsm, ulcer, leprosy, cuts wounds headache

Ipomoea muricata Jacq.

Michai

Convolvulaceae

Reg. Himal.; Japan

300-1400

Fever and constipation

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth.

Kaludanu, Neelkalmi

Convolvulaceae

Amphig Trop

250-2000

Wp, Sd

Purgative, tonic, fever and constipation

Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.

Ghiabati

Convolvulaceae

Geront Trop

250-1500

Rt,Lv,

Headache, fever, eye diseases, antidote to snake bite, laxative

Ipomoea quamoclit L.

Kamalata

Convolvulaceae

Amphig Trop

250-1200

Lv, Wp

Bleeding piles , ulcer and pain in breast

Cucumis hardwickii Royle

Elaroo

Cucurbitaceae

Ind Or.

500-1400

Rt, Fr, Sd

Fever, pneumonia, suppressed urination

Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.

Ghangra, Ghia

Cucurbitaceae

Geront Trop

300-1800

Diarrhoea, prickly heat, vet dyspepsia

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Akash-laguli, Amar-bel

Cuscutaceae

Ind Or.

250-2500

Wp, St

Skin diseases, eye diseases, bodyache, cuts and wounds, diphtheria, headache, itching, oedema, anthelmintic, carminative, cough, fever, indigestion, liver complaints and jaundice, nervine weakness

Euphorbia hirta L.

Dudhi

Euphorbiaceae

Amphig Trop

300-2000

Warts, lactification, bronchial infection and asthma

Euphorbia hypericifolia L.

Hazardana

Euphorbiaceae

Amphig Trop

400-1400

Dysentery, diarrhoea and menorrhagia

Phyllanthus fraternus Webstr.

Bhui-amla

Euphorbiaceae

As. Trop.

300-1000

Boils, allergy, abortifacient, diarrhoea, dysentery, dropsy, genito urinary diseases, gonnorhoea, indigestion, gastric problems, jaundice, ulcer, swelling, sores

Phyllanthus urinaria L.

Hazarmani

Euphorbiaceae

Amphig. trop

250-800

Dropsy, gonorrhoea, sleepnesness, urinogenetic disorder, kidney stone, gallbladder stone, hepatitis, liver complaints

Phyllanthus virgatus Forst.f.

Bhiuavate

Euphorbiaceae

As Trop

300-1800

Lv, Rt, Fr

Stomache ache, gonorrhoea, cold, fever, itching, dysentery, piles

Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC.

Fabaceae

Ind Or.

400-1200

Fever

Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.)DC.

Davai, Sangue

Fabaceae

Ind Or.

250-1500

Rt, Wp

Antifertility, bone fracture, pain in joints, expectorant

Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth.

Chunchuni, Ban-Methi

Fabaceae

As Trop

400-1800

Sd, Rt

Constipation and blood purifier

Crotalaria bialata Schr.

Fabaceae

As. trop.

400-2000

Tonic, preganant women, urinary problem, facilitate child birth, snake bite etc

Crotalaria calycina Schr.

Fabaceae

Afr Trop

400-1200

Syphilis, cholera, dysentery, vener sores, haematuria and pain

Crotalaria prostrata Rootler ex Willd

Chunchhuni

Fabaceae

As. trop

450-2000

Diarrhoea, antiemet and facilitate the child birth

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.

Salpalnu

Fabaceae

As Trop Austr

400-1000

Astrigent, tonic, bronchitis, asthma, dysentery, eye infection, vomitting and fever

Desmodium heterocarpon (L.)DC.

Sarivan

Fabaceae

As Trop Austr

500-1200

Rt, Wp

Fever, cough, tonic

Desmodium laxiflorum DC.

Kadakratru

Fabaceae

As. trop.

400-2200

Vomiting, small pox and unconcious

Desmodium microphyllum (Thunb.) DC.

Sunsuni, Chattomara

Fabaceae

As Trop Austr

300-2300

Abortion

Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr.

Bhunakra, Ote-atil

Fabaceae

As Trop

400-1000

Rt, Lv, Fr

Rheumetic, wounds

Desmodium pulchellum Backer

Jeetedari

Fabaceae

As Trop Austr

600-1300

Rt, Fl, St

Burning sensation in stomach, head ache, cavities in tooth, repels bed bug

Desmodium triangulare (Retz.) Merr.

Kalabija

Fabaceae

As Trop

450-1400

Stomachache, diarrhoea and eye cataract

Desmodium triflorum DC.

Kudaliya

Fabaceae

Cosmop Trop

500-2300

Breast pain, colic, body pain, sores, spleen dysentery, toothache and nail diseases

Desmodium triquetrum (L.) DC.

Salparni

Fabaceae

As Trop

500-1500

Dysentery, toothache, snake bite

Indigofera cassioides Rottb. ex DC.

Sakena

Fabaceae

Reg. Himal.

450-2000

Epilepsy, cough, swell face in labour, urine

Lens culinaris Med.

Masur

Fabaceae

Oriens

450-2000

Small pox

Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lamk.)Verd.

Thanthura, Kulthi

Fabaceae

Geront. trop.

400-1800

Sd, Lv, Wp

Kidney stone, postnatal treatment, menstrual complaints, tooth ache, dysentery, burns, leprosy, pneumonia, pleuricy, dysuria, leucorrhoea, renal calculi, bladder stone, blood purifier

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.

Dhaincha

Fabaceae

Cosmop Trop

300-600

Fl, Lv

Antifertility, chronic eruptions, ulcers, colic, pain, pleurisy, pneumonia and urin trouble

Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv.

Dabra

Fabaceae

Geront Trop

800-1200

Gonorrhoeal

Zornia gibbosa Span

Dwipat

Fabaceae

Reg Bor Temp

500-2200

Colic pain, sedative and indigestion

Fumaria indica Pugsley

Pit-papra, Khairua

Fumariaceae

Geront Trop

500-1400

Diuretic, Diaphoretic, aperient, wounds, suppressed urination

Canscora decussata (Roxb.) Roem.

Sankhawali

Gentianaceae

Ind Or. Afr. trop.

400-2300

Nerve tonic, blood purifier, stomachache

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Kali-Musli, Musali

Hypoxidaceae

As Trop

300-1800

Jaundice, piles, fever, ear complaints, epilepsy, itching, veneral diseases, leucorrhoea, impotance, cuts, cough, asthma, blindness, eye diseases, bleeding nose, skin disease, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, unconsiousness in children, tonic, galactagogue, aphrodisiac, veterinary eye diseases

Hypoxis aurea Lour

Golkya

Hypoxidaceae

Cochinchin.

300-2000

Aphrodisiac, injuries, swelling

Acrocephalus hispidus (L.) Nicols.

Utkund

Lamiaceae

Ind Or.; China

400-2000

Wp, Rt, Lv

Cold, sore throat, expectorant

Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Ex Benth.

Neelkanthi, Kadwipatti

Lamiaceae

Afr Trop Ind Or. As

500-2100

Lv, Wp

Blood purifier, burns, fever, purgative, malarial fever, astringent, febrifuge, tonic, anthelmintic, cuts

Anisomeles indica (L.) Ktze.

Goplya, Gobara, Kalabangra

Lamiaceae

Ind Or. Malaya

250-2000

Wp, Lv

Gastric troubles, blood purifier, muscular pain, nervous complaints, fever, wounds, swelling on the neck, astringent, carminative, antipyretic, chek nocurnal emission

Clinopodium umbrosum Koch.

Birchee

Lamiaceae

Ind Or. ; Oriens

250-2000

Blood purifier, gastric troubles, astringent, carminative

Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland.

Chhali

Lamiaceae

Europe

400-2000

Skin disease

Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Spr.

Gumba, Bishkapru

Lamiaceae

Ind Or.

250-1500

Wp, Lv, Fl

Skin diseases, scabies, fever, cough, cold, malaria, headache, eye diseases, diarrhoea, constipation, tooth and gum troubles, wounds, diphoretic, anthelmintic, anticeptic, antidote to snake poison

Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth.

Geeta-kushir

Lamiaceae

Ind Or.; China

400-1000

Bone dislocation

Nepeta hindostana Haines

Billilotan

Lamiaceae

Europe; Oriens

400-800

Fever, gonorrhoea, cardiac tonic

Ocimum basilicum L.

Marua, Murya

Lamiaceae

As Occ et Trop

300-1500

Lv, Wp, Sd,

Cold, cough and fever, stomach complaints, headache, earache, dropsy, convulsion, epilepsy, cholera, insecticide, wounds, to remove alcoholic intoxication

Ocimum sanctum L.

Tulsi, Shyma-tulsi

Lamiaceae

Geront Trop

250-1000

Lv, Wp

Antiseptic, cold, cough and fever, urinary troubles, vomiting, bronchitis, chicken-pox, cholera, constipation, headache, diarrhoea, dropsy, ear complaints, malaria, colitis, gastric complaints, live complaints, wounds,insect repellent, antidote to poison, leprosy

Orthosiphon rubicundus Benth.

Ban-kikri

Lamiaceae

Ind Or.; Burma

250-3000

Wounds, rheumatism

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.

Bhangjeera, Bhangiri

Lamiaceae

Ind Or.

250-3000

Wp, Lv

Rheumatic arthritis, bronchitis, cough, uterine complaints, flavouring

Salvia plebeia Br.

Sathi, Samundarsok

Lamiaceae

As Or Austr

600-1200

Menorrhoea and gonorrhoea

Leea asiatica (L.) Rid.

Kumali, Nagashya

Leeaceae

Ind Or. Burma

250-1800

Rt, Fr, Lv

Night-fever, cuts, wounds, rheumatism, urine troubles

Gloriosa superba L.

Kalihari, Lakya

Liliaceae

As Trop

400-2200

Rt, Lv, Rh

Intermittant fever, cholera, infertility, gonorrhoea, skin diseases, stomachache, sores, syphilis, leprosy, spleen complaints, piles, scabies, scorpion bite, insect bite, asthma, facilitate child birth, abortifacient, anthelmintic, tumors, suppressed urination, veterinary smaall-pox

Linum usitatissimum L.

Alsi, Atasi

Linaceae

Europe Oriens

300-800

Wounds and cough

Reinwardtia indica Dumort.

Phiunli

Linaceae

Ind Or.

300-2400

Fl, Lv

Petals chewed as tongue wash

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Med. ssp.tetraphyllusvar. pungens (Roxb.) Hochr.

Jangli Bhindi

Malvaceae

Ind Or.

400-1500

Pneumonia

Abelmoschus moschatus (L.)Medik.

Kapur-kanda

Malvaceae

Geront. trop.

300-800

Veterinary medicine, perfume

Malva parviflora L.

Soncheli

Malvaceae

Europe

400-2000

Sd, Lv,

Gonorrhoea, throat irritation, cuts and wounds

Malvastrum coromandelianum Garcke

Suchi

Malvaceae

Cosmop Trop

400-1200

Lv, Rt

Dysentery, wounds, jaundice, rheumatism, sprain, sores, aphrodisiac

Sida acuta Burm.f.

Bala

Malvaceae

Amer Centr.

250-2700

Lv, Fr, Rt,

Gastric diseases, vermifuge, stomachabe, gonorrhoea, burns, abortifacient, antiemitic, anthelmintic, tonic

Sida cordata L.

Bhiyli, Kharenti

Malvaceae

Reg Trop

400-1800

Lv, Rt, Wp

Gonorrhoea, spermatorrhoea, asthma, impotance, leucorrhoea, piles, urinary complaints, cuts and wounds, dysentery, tonic

Sida cordifolia L.

Balu, Barialas

Malvaceae

Reg Trop

250-1200

Sd, Rt, Wp

Rheumatism, dysentery, gonorrhoea, boils, sexual weekness, dyspepsia, stomachache, veneral disease, wounds, spermatorrhoea, leucorrhoea, diuretic, astringent, tonic

Sida rhombifolia L. ssp rhombifolia

Bhiunli

Malvaceae

Amphig Trop

400-1200

Lv, Rt, St,

Boils, joint pain, asthma, fever, cuts, bruises, dysentery, rheumatism, tuberculosis, heart ailments, gum infections, tonic

Martynia annua L.

Bichhwa, Bichu

Martyniaceae

Brass Mexic

250-2000

Lv, Wp, Fr

Epilepsy, sores, tonsilitis, wounds, scabies, eczema, hair fall, carbuncle, inflamation, itching

Mimosa pudica L.

Chu-mui

Mimosaceae

Brass

400-1200

Dysentery, sores, boils, diruretic, epilepsy, fever, head ache, hydrocycle, kidney disease, leucorrhoea

Boerhavia diffusa L.

Pundera, punarnava

Nyctaginaceae

Cosmop Trop

500-2000

Rt, Lv

Tonic, eye complaints, asthma, bronchitis and liver trouble, jaundice

Ludwigia octovalvis Raven.

Bhuikura, Datiju

Onagraceae

Amphig trop.

300-600

Eczema, skin diseases, fever and wounds of toe

Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl.

Kopouphul

Orchidaceae

Ind Or. Malaya

300-1500

Inflamation of wounds, centipede bite

Aeginetia indica L.

Kandar

Orobanchaceae

As. trop.

400-1200

Burns

Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.

Chuimui, Lajwanti, Murphula

Oxalidaceae

Cosmop Trop

300-800

Lv, Wp

Burn, decreases sexual vigour, gidding, headache, diarrhoea, malaria, muscular and rheum pain and tonic, insect bite

Oxalis corniculata L.

Khati-Buti, Chukra

Oxalidaceae

Amphig Temp et Trop

300-1800

Lv, Wp

Conjuctivitis, insect bites, appetite, diarrhoea, dysentery, epilepsy, piles, fever, jaundice, skin diseases, stomachache,

Oxalis debilis H.B.K.var. corymbosa (DC.)Lour.

Bhilmori, Chukra

Oxalidaceae

N.Granat.

250-700

Wp, Lv

Antidote to toxicity

Argemone mexicana L.

Pili Kateli

Papaveraceae

Mexic Amer Bor

500-1200

Sd, Rt, Sap

Seeds emetic narcotic, Roots vermicide, chewed in leucorrhoea, sap rheumatic pain

Peperomia pellucida (L.)Kunth.

Luchipata

Piperaceae

Am. et Afr. trop.

250-1500

Stomachache, headache, fever

Plantago major L.

Kaneli

Plantaginaceae

Europe As et Amer Bor

600-3200

Gastric troubles, intestinal injury

Plumbago zeylanica L.

Chitrak

Plumbaginaceae

Geront Trop

500-2500

Skin diseases, wounds, causes abortion, eczema, diarrhoea, antifertility, dyspepsia, headache, leprosy, muscular pain, malaria, fever, appetite, spleen complaints, wounds

Polygala arvensis Willd.

Nilkanta

Polygalaceae

China Ind Or.

400-800

Rt, Lv, Wp

Cough, asthma, nervous disorders, rheumatism, joint swellings, bronchitis

Polygonum barbatum L.

Polygonaceae

Geront Trop

300-1500

Snake bite, fish poison

Polygonum chinense L.

Polygonaceae

As Or Malaya

300-2700

Tonic, antiscorbutic

Polygonum hydropiper L.

Jiyanti

Polygonaceae

Reg. Temp Bor et Aust.

250-1500

Skin disease, ring worm, fish poison

Polygonum plebejum Br

Polygonaceae

Geront Trop et Temp

500-1300