|
Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 13: 281-92. 2009. A Study of
Phytochemical Composition of a Few Tribal Medicinal
Plants from Sriharikota *R. Bharath
Kumar and **B. Suryanarayana *Associate
Professor, Dept.Biotechnology, Vignan’s
**Associate
Professor (Retd.), # 8-307, email: dr_bsnarayana@yahoo.com Issued ABSTRACT SRIHARIKOTA acquired importance botanically because of rich Introduction Yanadies an aboriginal tribe are in Until the establishment of SHAR Centre at Sriharikota, yanadies used to live in forests and near sea coast in traditional way, drifted from the natural way of life due to agro-rural developmental activities a few aged tribal men are able to furnish ‘ethno-medicinal data’ pertaining to their traditional practices and healings. With the help of local tribal men, 300 ethnomedicinal plants are recorded. Based on their pharmaceutical uses they are classified into 16 – categories [Annexure II ]. Out of 300 species surveyed 21 samples falling under 6 –categories are selected for phytochemical screening. Out of them 14 species are endemic/rare. The results are discussed in detail in this article. Topography Materials and Methods Intensive medico-ethnobotanical survey is conducted in Sriharikota Island for 3 years since 1996-99.Field tours at regular intervals were conducted covering all the seasons so as not to miss seasonal elements having pharmaceutical value. Plants are selected for phytochemical screening are popularly used by tribals for their general ailments [Annexure 1]. Phytochemical screening was done by the standard procedures prescribed by Bhattacharya (1956), later modified by Chhabra et.al (1984) and Harborne (1973, 1977). Preparation of Extracts The plant parts (root bark, stem, leaf and whole plant etc.) were washed with water, chopped into small fragments and shade dried. The dried samples were ground to power (each 200 gr.) and stored in polythene containers at room temperature. These samples are used for screening to detect the different classes of chemical constituents. Extracts of sample are prepared by taking of 20 gr. of sample in 200 ml. methanol. Each sample is tested for 11 components Results are given in Annexure I. 16 Field tours of 5-7 days duration of each tour are conducted for three years during 1996-99. with the assistance of local tribal men. 300 species having medicinal uses and ample field notes also are collected regarding flowering, fruiting, flower colour and smell etc; phenological data. Further data pertaining to ethnomedicinal information of each species also recorded. 21 plant samples are choosen for phytochemical screening based on their popular pharmaceutical importance, coupled with their endemic or rare in occurrence. Active constituents present in the plant species in different plant parts (root bark, stem, whole plant, leaves etc.) are responsible for their therapeutic effects. A preliminary phytochemical analysis is conducted to detect the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, trterpinoids, amino acids etc., which act as possible curing agent during folk therapy. Tests are conducted for 11 components as detailed in the Annexure-I. Their occurrence in noted with symbol (+)in the table given total number of components present in each sample is given in the last column (17) in parenthesis. The table also contains tribal medicinal uses and other folklore medicinal uses, so as to relate medicinal properties with the components of positive occurrence. Further these samples also grouped into 6 broad pharmaceutical categories as given in Annexure-II. Results of the tests for chemical constituents of each of the pharmaceutical group are discussed in detail, here under. P.C. No. 5: RHEUMATISM Seven test samples have PC 5 property based on their tribal /folklore medicinal use. Upon chemical analysis five components viz. alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, amino acids, steroidal nucleus are positive in variable combinations in 7 samples. Saponins occur in 4 samples, tannins occur in 2 samples. Presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, amino acids, steroidal nucleus in the samples consistently in variable combinations and minimum of two components positive for any 2 samples is indicative of having curative effect for PC 5 either individually or cumulatively PC No. 7: SEXUAL PROBLEMS 4 samples positive for alkaloids (t 6) Flavonoids (t 7), phenols (t 8), saponins (t 9) and steroidal nucleus (t 15) are positive for 3 samples out of 4 tested samples variably. Thus alkaloids seems to have curative effect in combination with flavonoids, phenols, saponins and steroidal nucleus for PC 7. PC No. 8: SKIN & DERMATITIS 2 samples when tested, out 11 components resulted positive for four tests i.e., t 7, 8, 9, and 15 viz. flavonoids, phenols, steroids/triterpinoids and steroidal nucleus. PC NO. 9: OPTHALMIC & 5 samples are reported for PC 9 All the 5samples are positive for flavonoids (t7) where as 3 samples are positive in variable order for alkaloids (t 6), phenols (t 8), saponins (t 9) and tannins (t 10). All
the 5 components occur in 1 sample i.e., Eugenia bracteata. Thus flavonoids (t7) seem to be curative component either indivially as in Capparis brevispina or cumulatively in other samples. PC No. 13: Cooling and Alterative 1 sample – Colubrina asiatica shown positive for t 7, t 9, t 13, and t 15. PC No.16: Diabetes 1 sample tested for 11 components. Interestingly it is positive for 9 components. T 12 and t 16 are negative. Out of nine components which of them is specific curative is not certain for PC 16. Annexure-II PHARMACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION
Conclusion 21 Phyto-samples falling under 6 pharmaceutical categories are investigated for 11- chemical components. Results obtained are analysed to note that the presence of specific classes of chemical constituents are in confirmity with the tribal medico-therapy, given in Annexure –II. Further it is interesting to note that 14 samples out of 21 belong to endemic/ rare species. In view of Endemism/Rarity of the species chosen for phytochemical analysis, these specimens need further investigation to detect specific active principles of curative effect. Acknowledgements Authors are thankful to the
Principal, Literature Cited Anonymous, 1948-76… The
Wealth of Medicinal plants 1. J. Ethno pharmacology 11 : 157-179. Chopra, R.N., S.L.Nayar
& I.C.Chopra, 1956… Glossary of Indian Medicinal plants. CSIR, Harborne, J.B. 1984... Phytochemical methods : A
guide to Modern Techniques of plant Analysis. 1 - 278 P. Chapman and Hall, Nagaraju, N and Rao, K.N. 1994…Plant Phenolics of some Indegenous medicinal pants of Apocynaceae. Higher Plants of Indian subcontinent.(Addit. Series of Indian Jour. of Forestry No. VI). 211-215. Rameshwar Dayal 1997… Chemical Investigation of Medicinal Plants. Indian Forester, ( 1 ) : 249-255. Saiprasad Goud, P.
1995… Ethno-medico-Botanical studies in
Sudarsanam, G. and N.S. Balaji
Rao. 1994… Medicinal Plants used by the Yanadi tribe of Suryanarayana, B., A.S.Rao,
A.M.Rao and V.Veerraju.
1998. Flora of Ullah, N, Ahmed, Z, Anis, F. and Malik, A. 1997…Phytochemical Investigation of Daphne oleoides. Fitoterapia. Vol. 1.XIX, No.3.280.
Presented at Indian
Science Congress ( |
Annexure
1
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SOME SELECTED
TRIBAL MEDICINAL
PLANTS Tribal Medicinal Plant species is about 19 no., with their crude drug samples 21 (leaf, Root, Root bark, stem, stem bark and fruit etc.)were tested against for 11 Phytoactive components (Phytochemical screening), which are widely present in various plant species their respective results are also given here. (*with their Phytoactive sample nos.) S.No. Bn., Ln., Family
Part Tribal uses in Reported other used island uses
PC NO.5 ;
ARTHRITIS 1. Breynia vitis-idea Lf. Warmed with Leaves smoked Adavimunaga Dalbergia paniculata like tobacco in EUPHORBIACEAE leaves and applied in swelled uvula rheumatic pains. and tonsils Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 1(+), 2(+),5(+), 6(+),
7(+),8(+), 9(+), 10(+), 11(+) ,Total : 9.
2.Clerodendrum Lf. Warmed and applied Leaf juice given phlomidis for filarial and in neglected Peddanelli/ Takkeda rheumatic syphilitic VERBENACEAE swellings. complaints. Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 1(+), 2(+), 5(+), 7(+),8(+),
9(+), 10(+), 11(+) Total : 8. 3.Crotalaria Lf. Leaf paste with Infusion of laburnifolia coconut oil applied the Wh.plant for FABACEAE. inflammation of the mouth. Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 2(+), 3(+), 4(+), 6(+),
7(+), 9(+), 10(+), 11(+), Total : 8.
4. Dalbergia Lf. Warmed, applied for ¾ paniculata rheumatic swellings Pacchari and painful parts. FABACEAE. Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 1(+), 2(+), 3(+), 6(+),
8(+),9(+),10(+),11(+) Total : 8. r5.Garcinia spicata Rt.B Paste applied for ¾ Pidatha / pains and rheumatic Errijambi swellings. CLUSIACEAE. Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 1(+), 2(+), 3(+), 4(+),
6(+), 7(+),8(+), 9(+), 10(+), 11(+) Total: 8. 6.Holoptelia St.B Warmed and applied Juice of boiled integrifolia on rheumatic bark applied on Peddamanu/ swellings. rheumatic swellings. Tabasu, ULMACEAE. Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 2(+), 5(+), 6(+), 10(+) Total:
4. 7.Pisonea aculeata Rt.B Leaves+Rt.B war- Bark and leaves Peetrinchi med and applied for used for swellings
NYCTAGINACEAE rheumatic
swellings. &
rheumatic pains Phytoactive components are present in the drug sample/s: 1(+), 3(+), 4(+), 5(+), 6(+), 10(+) Total: 6. PC.No.7 ; SEXUAL PROBLEMS
:
8. Capparis Rt.B Used for treatment Cholera, zeylanica for janni (Post natal stomachic and Aridonda complications of cholagogue. CAPPARACEAE. ladies: fever accom- panied with chillness). Phytoactive components are present in the drug sample/s:1(+), 2(+), 5(+), 10(+) Total: 4. 9.Crinum defixum Bul. Scale leaves warmed Emetic, diapho- Porla gadda/ and applied for retic used for Chembu gadda swellings of testis. treatment of the
AMARYLIDACEAE burns.
Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s:1(+),4(+)5(+), 6(+) Total:
4. 10.Hybanthus Lf. Powder with turmeric Plant tonic, enneaspermus powder taken orally diuretic; leaves Ratnapurusha for general debility and tender sta-
VIOLACEAE and vigor. lks
demulcent. Phytoactive components are present in the drug sample/s:1(+),2(+),3(+),4(+),9(+), 10(+) Total:6. 11.Linociera Rt. Paste taken orally in ¾ zeylanica case of sexual diseases Punagani (syphilis, gonorrhoea) OLEACEAE and menstrual problems. Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s:1(+), 2(+),3(+),10(+)Total:4. PC.No.8 ; SKIN 12.Pisonea Lf. Leaf curry orally Juice mixed with aculeata given to children pepper administe- Peetrinchi for mumps and red for pulmonary NYCTAGINACEAE leprosy. complaints of children. Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 2(+),3(+),8(+),10(+)Total:4. r13.Ventilago Rt.B. Paste applied for Juice remedy for madaraspatana skin deseases. pains, and Churidi/Surudu malarial fever. RHAMNACEAE. Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 1(+),2(+),3(+),
4(+), 6(+), PC.No.9; OPTHALMIC 14.Capparis Rt. Paste used in ¾ brevispina tooth ache and Palasuri infected gums. CAPPARACEAE Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 2(+) Total: 1. r15.C. rotundifolia Rt. Paste applied ¾ Nagetimullu / incase of head Suramullu ache. CAPPARACEAE. Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 1(+), 2(+), 3(+), 4(+), 5(+)
Total: 5. r16.Cymbidium Lf. Juice warmed and Emetic, purgative aloifolium administered nutrient and Thatisaga incase of earache. demulcent. ORCHIDACEAE Phytoactive components are present in the drug sample/s:2(+),4(+),5(+),8(+) Total:4. *17.Eugenia Lf.
Smoke used as ¾ bracteata mosquito repellent. Kundanedu / Kundaneredu MYRTACEAE Phytoactive
components are present in the drug sample/s: 1(+),2(+)3(+),4(+),5(+), *18.E. bracteata Rt. Paste mixed with ¾ Kundanedu / goat milk and Kundaneredu applied for mumps. MYRTACEAE Phytoactive components are present in the drug
sample/s:1(+),2(+)3(+),4(+),5(+), acidum dren to get relief bitter, cooling. Pulla teegalu from cold, Latex ASCLEPIADACEAE dropped in eyes in case of cataracht for remedy. Phytoactive components are present in the drug sample/s:1(+), 2(+),
3(+),6(+), 8(+), PC.No.13 ; COOLING *20.Colubrina Lf. Juice taken as tonic. ¾ asiatica Neetipulavachettu RHAMNACEAE Phytoactive components are present in the drug sample/s:2(+), 4(+),8(+),10(+) Total:4. PC.No.16 ; DIABETES : *21.Casearia Rt. Decoction effective Promotes action esculenta remedy for diabetes of liver. Decoc- Kunda jungeru tion used in SAMYDACEAE. diabetes and piles. Phytoactive components are present in the drug sample/s:
1(+),2(+), 3(+), 4(+),5(+), ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT: 1.Alka: Alkaloids 2.Flavo.:Flavonoids 3.Phen.: Phenols 4.Sapo.: Saponins 5.Tann.: Tannins 6.Carbo: Carbohydrates 7.Pro.: Proteins 8.Stero. /Triter.: Steroids/Triterpinoids 9.Amino.: Amino acids 10.Ster.Nuc. : Steroidal nucleus 11.Leu.antho.: Leuco anthocyanins Total : Total ComponentsPLANT
SPECIES
: 19. CRUDE
DRUG SAMPLES : 21. ABBREVIATIONS :
PC.No.: Pharmaceutical category number
Bn : Botanical name , Ln
: Local name and Fy : Family.
*: Endemic; r: Rare COLOUR APPEARENCE : R: Red, Y: Yellow, B: Blue, G: Green, P: Pink (or) Rose, M: Majanta (or) Crimson & V: Violet. Plant samples extracts are prepared
with methanol. (Universal solvent). |