Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14: 610-15. 2010.

Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Analysis of Commelina benghalensis L.

 

1*Ibrahim, Jemilat; 2Ajaegbu, Vivian Chioma; 1Egharevba, Henry Omoregie

 

1Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria

2Department of Biochemistry, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria

E-mail: sadiqoyene@yahoo.com

 

Issued May 1, 2010

 

 

Abstract

 

Phytochemical and pharmacognostic analysis and thin layer chromatography were carried out on the herb, Commelina benghalensis L. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phlobatannins, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, volatile oils, resins, balsams, flavonoids and saponins, while terpenes, sterols, anthorquinones and phenols were absent. The pharmacognostic analysis revealed moisture content of 11.60 %, ash value of 6.24%, water soluble extractive value of 22.45 %, alcohol soluble extractive value of 5.99%  and acid insoluble ash of 1.21%. The thin layer chromatography development revealed three spots for hexane extract, six spots for ethyl acetate and five spots for methanol.

Key words: Commelina benghalensis, phytochemistry, pharmacognostic, chromatography.

Introduction

New drug discoveries have shifted attention from synthetic models and compounds to natural products of plants origin. This is because scientists now believe that drug leads/hit molecule discovery would be more probable in plant and other natural sources like marine and animals which are yet to be fully explored. This drift has promoted, in recent time, researches in plants considered to be of little or no economic or ecologic significance. Such plants like Commelina benghalensis L. is an annual or perennial herb and a troublesome weed, native to Asia and Africa, and belongs to the family Commelinaceae and the genus of commelina L. (Burkill, 2000; Faden, 2006; NAPPO, 2003). It is a prostrate or scrambling ascending herb of about 1m in height. The leaves are ovate, about 2.5 – 7.5cm  long , leaf margins entire, stems can be erect or crawling along the ground, the flowers are purple in colour with 3 petals, about 3-4 mm long, seeds are rectangular, about 1.6 – 3mm in length and with netted appearance (Webster et  al., 2005).

Commelina benghalensis which is succulent, mucilaginous and astringent is known as benghal day flower or tropical spiderwort. In Nigeria, it is known as Godogbo or Gbagodo (Yoruba), balaasaanaa or bulabula (Hausa), Ohiovbu (Edo or Bini), Obogu (Igbo), (Burkill 2000). It is a pan tropical weed of cultivated fields, waste areas, and roadsides. It is a native of Africa and Asia. In Africa, it can be found in Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, Cameroon (Burkill 2000).

C. benghalensis is made into a poultice for sore feet in Southern Nigeria. In East Africa, the plant sap is used for opthalmia, sore throat and burns while in Zanzibar, the juice from the flower is used for eye treatment. In Lesotho it is used for the treatment of infertility in women while in India it used as demulcent, refrigerant, laxative, bitter, emollient, depressant and for the treatment of leprosy in India (Jayvir et al., 2002; Hasan et al., 2009). In Cameroon, the stem is used for wound healing (Burkill 2000). The plant is used as a diuretic, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory and laxative (Hong and Defillipps, 2000). Although some compounds such as n-octacosanol, n-triocotanol, stigma-sterol, compesterol, hydrocyanic acid has been reported to have been isolated from both the vegetative and flowering parts of the whole plant, there is no report in literature on the type of useful secondary metabolites contained in the plant which is considered as weed (Burkill 2000; Jayvir et al, 2002).  A study of the types of metabolites found in the plant will encourage more research on the plant for possible drug lead. This study was aimed at revealing the classes of secondary metabolites which is found in the Nigerian species of the plant in order to redirect focus on the usefulness of the plant for medicinal use.

Materials and Method

The plant Commelina benghalensis was collected from chaza village in Suleja  and identified at the herbarium of the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja Nigeria, where a voucher specimen (No: NIPRD/H/ 6290) was prepared  and deposited.

Plant Preparation: The fresh plant was rinsed with water to remove sand was air-dried for one month at room temperature. It was pulverized to reduce the surface area using wooden mortar and pestle. The pulverized sample was kept in air-tight cellophane bags until use.

Phytochemical screening and Pharmacognostic Analysis: These were carried out on the plant using standard methods (Evans 2002 and Sofowora 2008).

Thin Layer Chromatography: Successive extractions with hexane, ethylacetate and methanol were carried out on the pulverized sample by maceration for 24hrs. The extracts were filtered and concentrated on a rotary evaporator. Each concentrated extract was spotted on a normal phase plate previously activated at 110 0C for 2hrs, using a capillary tube. The plate was developed using mobile phase of hexane-ethylacetate (9:1) for hexane extract, and hexane-ethylacetate (3:2) for ethylacetate and methanol extracts.

The Retardation factor (Rf) was determined using this formula:

 

                                     Rf =                  Distance moved by solute

                                                             Distance moved by solvent

 

Results and Discussion

The phytochemical screening carried out on Commelina benghalensis L. reveals the presence of phlobatannins, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, volatile oils, resins, balsams, flavonoids and saponins, while terpenes, sterols, phenols and anthraquinones were not detected. The presence of some of these secondary metabolites suggests that the plant might be of medicinal importance and supports the bases for some of the ethno-uses. For instance, the presence of flavonoids suggest that the plant might have an anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti- microbial, anti- cancer activity (Kunle and Egharevba, 2009)  It also suggests that the plant might have diuretic properties (Jayvir et al., 2002). 

The presence of tannins shows that the plant is astringent as documented and suggests that it might have anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities and can aid in wound healing and burns (Haslem, 1989; Favel et al., 1994; Robertson and Heber, 1956). The presence of resins and balsams might support the ethno-use of the plant as emollient and demulcent as well as for treatment of sore throat, rheumatism, wounds and burns, since some balsams and resins has antiseptic properties (Evans, 2002).  Saponins and glycoside are also very important classes of secondary metabolites as some are cardio-active and used in treatment of heart conditions (Oloyode, 2005). Some researchers have also reported that some saponins have anti-cancer and immune-modulatory properties (Kunle and Egharevba, 2009; Evan, 2002). Volatile oils are used in the industries for various purposes, both as a pharmaceutical/cosmetic raw material for production of emollients and demulcents as well as active ingredient for the respiratory tract infections. They are also used as flavoring agents, in aromatherapy, perfumery etc. Examples are eucalyptus oil, lemon oil and peppermint.   Thymol has been reported to possess anti-bacterial properties (Evan 2002).

The proximate analysis showed a moisture content of 11.60%, water soluble extractive value of 22.45%, alcohol soluble extractive value of 5.99%, total ash of 6.5% and acid insoluble ash of 1.21%. The moisture content of 11.60% which is normal since it is less than 20% and implies that the plant can be stored for a longer period with lower chances of microbial attack and growth. The water soluble extractive value of 22.45% which is higher than the alcohol soluble extractive value of 5.99% is suggest that water is a better solvent of extraction than alcohol. Total ash of 6.24% implies that the plant has low inorganic components probably as salts or complexes and a high organic component. The low acid-insoluble ash of 1.21% implies that a large portion of the ash content is acid soluble and hence may be physiologically important as salts in the body when consumed. It is also indicative of high digestibility of the plant when eaten.

The thin layer Chromatography reveals various spot from the different extract under daylight (DL) and iodine tank (IT). The TLC of hexane extract revealed 3 spots, ethylacetate extracts 6spots and methanol extract 5 spots. The Rf values are as shown in table 3 below. The spots correspond to the minimum numbers of compounds available in the various extracts. A spot may contain more than one compound as it may not have been fully resolved.

 In conclusion, the noxious weed, Commelina benghalensis, being rich in secondary metabolites as revealed in this study, might be of a very important medicinal value and should be investigated further for new drug hit/lead molecules.

 

Acknowledgment

We acknowledge Mr. Wudil Ibrahim Muazzam, who collected the plant and provided some information on the ethno-use of the plant.

 

References

Burkill, H. M (2000). The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1:

429-430.

Evans, W.C. (2002). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 15th Ed., W.B. Sanders, London, pp.

183-184 and 191-393.

Faden, R. (2006). Commelina benghalensis in Flora of North America, Editorial Committee,

            Flora of North American Online, Vol. 22,

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=222000036 

Haslem, E. (1989). Plant polyphenols: Vegetable tannins revisited – chemistry and

 pharmacology of natural products. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 169.

Hasan, S.M.R., Hossain, Md. M., Akter, R., Mariam Jamila, M., Mazumder, Md. E. H. and

Rahman, S. (2009). DPPH free radical scavenging activity of some Bangladeshi

medicinal plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(11): 875-879.

Hong, D. and DeFillipps, R. A. (2000). Commelina diffusa. Pp. 86. In Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H.,

Hong, D.Y. (Eds.), Flora of China, Beijing Science Press; St Louis: Missouri Botanical

Garden Press.

Jayvir, A., Minoo, P., Gauri, B. and Ripal, K. (2002). Nature Heals: A glossary of selected

indigenous medicinal plant of India. 2nd Ed., SRIST Innovations, Ahmedabad, India, pp.

22.

Kunle O. F. and Egharevba H. O. (2009). Preliminary studies on Vernonia ambigua:

phytochemistry and antimicrobial screening of whole plant. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13:

1216-1221

NAPPO (2003).  Commelina benghalensis L., PRA / Grains Panel Pest Facts Sheet, Pp. 1-8.

Sofowora, A. (2008). Medicinal Plants and Traditional medicine in Africa. 3rd Ed., Spectrum

Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 199-204.

Oloyode, O. I. (2005). Chemical profile of unripe pulp of Carica papaya. Pakistan Journal of

Nutrition, 4(6): 379-381.

Webster, T. M., Burton, M. G., Culpeper, A. S., York, A. C. and Prostko, E. P. (2005). Tropical

spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis): A tropical invader threatens agroecosystems of

the southern United States, Weed Technology 19(3): 501-508.

 

Table 1: Phytochemical Analysis of Commelina benghalensis.

Secondary Metabolites

Stem and Leaf

Phlobatannins

 +ve

Carbohydrate

+ve

Tannin

+ve

Glycoside

+ve

Terpenes

-ve

Sterols

-ve

Volatile oils

+ve

Resins

+ve

Balsams

+ve

Flavonoids

+ve

Saponins

+ve

Phenols

-ve

Anthraquinones

-ve

Keys: +ve      = Positive/present; -ve = Negative/Absent.

Table 2: Proximate Analysis on Commelina benghalensis.

Parameters

Values

Moisture content

11.60%

Ash value

6.24%

Acid Insoluble ash

1.21%

Alcohol extractive value

5.99%

Water extractive value

22.45%

 

Table 3: RF values of Commelina benghalensis.

 

spots

Retardation Factor (Rf) values

Hexane

Ethyl acetate

Methanol

1

0.2787(IT)

0.0961(DL)

0.0962(DL)

2

0.6393(DL)

0.2500(DL)

0.1731(DL)

3

0.9016(DL)

0.6154(DL)

0.5192(IT)

4

 

0.6731(DL)

0.6154(IT)

5

 

0.7500(IT)

0.7500(DL)

6

 

0.9038(DL)

 

DL=daylight,                                IT = iodine tank