|
Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 13: 1240-56 , 2009. An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants used by the
Locals in Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Mahesh Kumar, Yash Paul
and V. K. Anand Department of Botany, University of Jammu,
Jammu.-180006 e-mail. paulyash23@yahoo.com
Issued October 01, 2009 Abstract This
study represents a systematic attempt to explore the knowledge of the native
people about plants, which they use to cure diseases. And it is an attempt
towards conserving the local knowledge of people to plants. This paper
presents a list and uses of some medicinal plants distributed in the high
altitude district Kishtwar in Jammu and Kashmir.
The list was prepared during an ethno-botanical survey of the region from
December 2007 to January, 2009. This paper provides information about 71
ethno-medicinally useful plants grown in this region. In this paper, family,
botanical name, local name, ethnomedicinal uses are
given for each plant. Introduction
It
is documented that 80% of the world population has faith in traditional
medicines, particularly plant drugs for their primary healthcare (Kala et
al., 2006). The use of plants for medicinal purposes and human sustenance has
been in practice in India since the Vedic age. The earliest mention of the medicinal use of the plants
is found in the Rigveda, 1500-400 BC, Athurveda 1500 BC, Upnishada
1000-600 BC (Chauhan, 1999). In India about 17000
species of higher plants out of which 7500 are known for medicinal uses
(Shiva, 1996). India is one of the major contributors to the world in terms
of herbal drugs and its raw materials (Grunwald,
2000). In India Janaki Ammal
(1956) initiated the work on ethnobotany while
working in botanical survey of India. Kishtwar popularly
known as “Land of Sapphire and Saffron” is also very rich in forest products.
District Kishtwar in the past used to be an
independent hill principality and was merged with the state of Jammu and
Kashmir in 1821 A D. Kishtwar lies 216km in
Northeast of Jammu (the winter capital of state) and 284km Southeast of
Srinagar (summer capital of state). Most of its area is hilly terrain. Kishtwar
lies in the lap of Himalaya. It ranges from Middle Himalaya to Greater
Himalaya. Himalayan peaks like Sickle moon (6574m), Charcha
(6065m), Eiger (6001m), Namtse
(6000m) and Durang glacier lies in this district.
The climate of Kishtwar ranges from temperate to
alpine. Kishtwar district consists of 8 blocks: Kishtwar, Inderwal, Paddar, Marwah, Warwan, Dacchan, Nagsani and Drabshalla. Its
total population was 219560 in the year 2001. Its area covers 7734km2.
Snow may cover the most parts of the district from December to March. About
90% area of district is backward and the main occupation of the people (80%)
is farming, cattle and sheep rearing. Due to geographical remoteness of the
area and socioeconomic condition of the local populace folk medicine is still
commonly used in Kishtwar. These factors also
explain the preservation of ethanopharmacological
practices in this region. Although a
lot of work has been done on the ethnobotany and ethnomedicines in Jammu and Kashmir state but as for as Kishtwar district is
concerned it is totally unexplored except for few stray references (Kumar and
Hamal, 2009; Kumar et al., 2009a, 2009b). Methods The
study was carried out during December 2007 to January 2009 to determine the
mild and native cultivated plants used as medicinal purpose by villagers of Kishtwar. All villages of Kishtwar
were screened. During study, information was obtained from middle aged and
older people, most of whom were Hakims (old persons in villages who have vast
knowledge about the medicinal plants). In authors, one author is the native
of this region, so he has some practical and theoretical knowledge too. For
each plant at least 20-30 people were interviewed. It asked for his or her
knowledge concerning the common names of plants, their usage and preparation.
During field trips, the digital photographs and herbarium specimens were
collected. The specimens were pressed and dried according to herbarium
techniques and identified using relevant standard literature i.e., “Flora of
British India” by Hooker (1872-97),
“Flora of West Pakistan” by Nasir and Ali
(1970), “Forest flora of Srinagar” by Singh and Kachroo
(1976), “Flora of Jammu and plants of neighborhood” by Sharma and Kachroo (1983), “Flowers of Himalaya” by Polunin and Stainton (1984),
“Flora of Pir Panjal
range (North-West Himalaya)” by Singh and Kachroo
(1994) and with the help of herbarium
curator (Dr. Krishna Anand), Department of Botany, University of Jammu,
Jammu. Systematic
Descriptions Family: Apiaceae Angelica
glauca Edgew. Local name: Chora Ethnomedicinal
uses: The roots are grinded and eaten with ‘gud’
(sugar) against stomach problem. The roots are burnt to remove the snakes
when they enter the house. Foeniculum vulgare
Mill. Local name: Sow Ethnomedicinal
uses: Seeds mixed with sugar are used against constipation Family:
Araceae Acorus calamus
L.
Local name: Nag Russ Ethnomedicinal
uses: Rhizomes are emetic in large doses; stomachic and carminative in
smaller doses; useful in bronchitis and remittent fever. Fresh rhizome is
inhaled in common cold as anti-allergic. Arisaema flavum
(Forsskal)
Schott. Local name: Sapp googli Ethnomedicinal
uses: The tubers are crushed and a paste is made which is applied against
foot and mouth diseases in cattle. The paste is also applied on snake bite. Family:
Asteraceae Artemisia
maritima L. Local name: Mooin Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves are used in stomach problems. The leaves are also useful in
expelling worms from the intestine. Calendula
officinalis L. Local name: Hamesh-Bahar Ethnomedicinal
uses: The flower and leaves are crushed and the paste is applied on skin
diseases and burns. Cirsium arvense
(L.)
Scop. Local name: Jhashkantu Ethnomedicinal
uses: The young inflorescene crushed in water is
used for inducing vomiting. Gnaphalium hypoleucum
DC. Local name: Chhar Ethnomedicinal
uses: The flowers are crushed in water and the resulted paste is applied on
throat problems. Inula royleana
C.
B. Clarke Local name: Mulain Ethnomedicinal
uses: The oil of roots is mixed with kuth oil-root
oil of Saussurea lappa. It
produces fall in blood pressure and stimulates peristaltic movements of
intestine. Jurinea dolomiaea
Boiss. Local name: Guggal Ethnomedicinal
uses: The crushed roots are applied on skin eruptions. Aromatic oil from the
roots is useful in gout and rheumatism. Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch. Bip. Local name: Kuth Ethnomedicinal
uses: The root oil is used to cure joint pains through external massages. The
root is also used in cough and asthma. Senecio chrysanthemoides
D.C. Local name: Jarjam Ethnomedicinal
uses: Flowers are crushed and applied on wounds as antiseptic. Root powder is
used against rheumatic pain. Tanacetum dolichophyllum
(Kitam.) Kitam. Local name: Amritdhara-ghas Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves are made into a round pill of the size of almond nut and
swallowed with water in stomach pain and indigestion. Taraxacum officinale
Wigg. Local name: Handh Ethnomedicinal
uses: Root is diuretic, tonic, laxative, anti-rheumatic and aperiant. Tea from the leaves is used as tonic. Family:
Balsaminaceae Impatiens
glandulifera Royle
Local name: Hillu Ethnomedicinal
uses: The roots and leaves are crushed and applied on forehead, hands and
foot to provide cooling effect. Leaves decoction is used in stress and mental
tension. Flowers used against snake bite. Family:
Berberidaceae Berberis aristata
D.C. Local name: Kareel kaimbal Ethnomedicinal
uses: Ripe fruits are edible and given as a mild laxative to children. Berberis lyceum Royle Local name: Kaimal Ethnomedicinal
uses: The fruits are eaten against constipation and acidity. The extract of
the bark is used as a cooling agent. Podophyllum hexandrum
Royle. Local name: Bankakdi Ethnomedicinal
uses: The crushed leaves and roots are applied on skin diseases. Fruit is
eaten in gastric problems. Family:
Betulaceae Betula utilis
D.
Don. Local name: Bhuz Ethnomedicinal
uses: The decoction of the bark is antiseptic carminative given in anaemia, cough, obesity, urinogenital
diseases and various infections. Family:
Boraginaceae Arnebia benthami
(Wall.
Ex. G. Don) Johnston. Local name: Kazuban Ethnomedicinal
uses: Root powder is given in fever, cough and cold along with honey. The
roots are added to tea and that tea is given to persons having pneumonia. Family:
Cannabinaceae Cannabis
sativa L. Local name: Bhang Ethnomedicinal
uses: This plant yield ‘charas’ and ‘ganza’ which in action are sedative, appetizer, narcotic
and toxic. Leaf juice removes lice and dandruff. . Family:
Crassulaceae Rhodiola himalensis
(D.
Don) S.H. Fu Local name: Dand jari Ethnomedicinal
uses: Stem bark is used to clean teeth to avoid the infection of teeth. Sedum
ewersii Ledeb. Local name: Kupadd jari Ethnomedicinal
uses: The plant is crushed and applied on forhead
to provide cooling and soothing effect. This plant is given to milch cattle to increase milk production. Family:
Curpessaceae Juniperus communis
L. Local name: Bithur Ethnomedicinal
uses: The oil extracted from the juniper is applied against rheumatism. Juniperus recurva
Busch.-Ham.
ex. D. Don. Local name: Bithar Ethnomedicinal
uses: Leaves and twigs are burnt in houses to produce the smoke which is
considered as insecticide. The oil extracted from seeds is applied against
rheumatism. Family:
Dioscoreaceae Disocorea deltoidea
Wall.
Ex. Kunth. Local name: Kinns Ethnomedicinal
uses: The rhizomes yield a steroid, ‘cortisone’, which has proved of great
value in the treatment of a large variety of diseases, particularly in
rheumatic diseases; certain ophthalmic disorders and allergic states. Family:
Dipsacaceae Morina longifolia
Wallich
ex D.C. Local name: Kim Ethnomedicinal
uses: Roots are collected and kept in garments to avoid insect damage. Family:
Ericaceae Rhododendron
anthopogon D. Don. Local name: Shutenger Ethnomedicinal
uses: Leaves and flowers are used against skin problems, cough and cold.
Dried flowers are powdered and mixed with oil and massaged over entire body
in post delivery complications like fever, cough and cold. Rhododendron
campanulatum D. Don Local name: Nichni, shutengar Ethnomedicinal
uses: Leaves are mixed with tobacco and used as snuff to cure cold. Leaves
are used to remove undigested material from stomach by inducing vomitting. Family:
Geraniaceae Geranium
wallichianum D. Don. ex
Sweet. Local name: Gul-e-Sanobar Ethnomedicinal
uses: The herb is crushed and the paste is used against toothache. The herbal
tea is used against rheumatic pain. Root extract is used in chronic diarrhoea and dysentary. Family:
Hippocastanaceae Aesculus indica
(Colebr. Ex. Cambess.) Hook. Local name: Gugu Ethnomedicinal
uses: Oil from the seeds is externally applied against rheumatism. Seeds are
given to horses in colic pain. Family:
Iridaceae Crocus
sativus L. Local name: Kesar Ethnomedicinal
uses: It is used as a nerve sedative, stimulant and aphrodisiac. It is also
used as a general tonic to increase immunity. Family:
Juglandaceae Juglans regia L.
Local name: Khor Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves are given in scrofula, rickets and leucorrhoea. The leathery
pericarp of unripe fruit is grinded and applied on
skin diseases. Family:
Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa
Wallich
ex Benth. Local name: Neel Kanth Ethnomedicinal
uses: Water extract of fresh leaves is generally administered orally with
sugar to children against gastric problems. Luke warm leaf extract is also given against malarial
fever and jaundice. Leaf juice is used
to cure the mouth ulcers. Mentha longifolia
(L)
Huds. Local name: Jangli pudina Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves are soaked in water to give an infusion which is drunk as a
cooling medicine. Phlomis bracteosa
Royle
ex Benth. Local name: Neel Trath Ethnomedicinal
uses: Powdered leaves are mixed in tea and used against cough and cold.
Flowers are crushed and used against toothache. Flowers are used as laxative. Rabdosia rugosa
Wallich
ex. Benth. Local name: Sheshak Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves are grinded and eaten to relieve stomach pain. Extract of
leaves is used as vermicide especially in children. Whole plant is used as
insecticide. Salvia
moorcroftiana Wallich
Ex. Benth. Local name: Gaddo Ethnomedicinal
uses: Roots are used in cold and cough. Roots are also used in stomach pains.
Seeds are emetic and used against dysentery. Family:
Leguminosae Desmodium elegans
D.C. Local name: Shemar Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves are crushed and applied on cuts and wounds to avoid
infection and to stimulate healing. The bark is used to clean teeth. Family:
Loranthaceae (Viscaceae) Viscum album L. Local name: Parontha Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves are given to the cattle to keep them healthy and also to
increase the milk production. Family:
Malvaceae Malva neglecta
Wallr. Local name: Suchhal Ethnomedicinal
uses: The decoction of leaves is used as a laxative. The crushed root in
water is given to cows and buffaloes to facilitate detachment and expulsion
of placenta after delivery. Family:
Moraceae Ficus palmata
Forsskal. Local name: Feku Ethnomedicinal
uses: The latex is applied on skin diseases. The fruit is used against
constipation. Family:
Oxalidaceae Oxalis
corniculata L. Local name: Chhuku Ethnomedicinal
uses: A fine paste of the aerial parts of the herb along with a few seeds of
black pepper is applied on boils, abscesses , wounds and weeping eczema. This
application results in drying and healing of the wounds. Family:
Papaveraceae Corydalis
govaniana Wall. Local name: Bhutyata Ethnomedicinal
uses: Flower juice is applied externally on forehead against headache.
Decoction of leaves is used as vermicide. Roots are given to cattle as dicentric and dietry. Family:
Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca acinosa
Roxb. Local name: Brand Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves and twigs have narcotic effect and thus used as sedative to
induce sleep. Root oil used for pain in joints. Family:
Pinaceae Abies pindrow
Royle. Local name: Sal Ethnomedicinal
uses: Bark is added to tea and used against rheumatism. The resin is used for
quick healing of cuts and wounds. Cedrus deodara
(Roxb. Ex. D. Don) G. Don. Local name: Diyar Ethnomedicinal
uses: The oil (known as kilo in local) extracted from stem and bark is used
to treat skin rashes and external ulcers. The oil is also used to massage the
body to get relief from rheumatic pain and headache. The oil is also applied
against the foot and mouth diseases in cattles and
also used as repellant of lices and ticks. Pinus wallichiana
A.
B. Jackson Local name: Chew Ethnomedicinal
uses: The resin from the young sapling is used for healing of the cuts and
wounds. Family:
Polygoniaceae Rheum
australe D. Don. Local name: Chukri Ethnomedicinal
uses: Root is used in stomach problems, cuts, wounds and muscular swellings,
tonsillitis and mumps. Root powder mixed with mustard oil is applied on
joints to get relief from joint pain. Rumex nepalensis
Sprengel. Local name: Herbel Ethnomedicinal
uses: Leaves are warmed and applied on erupting skin. Crushed leaves and stem
are applied on cuts and wounds. Family:
Punicaceae Punica granatum
L. Local name: Deru Ethnomedicinal
uses: Seed juice is highly nutritious and taken in jaundice and anaemia. Seeds are eaten by locals in general weakness.
The juice also acts as a cooling agent and appetizer. Family:
Ranunculaceae Aconitum
violaceum Jacquem.
ex Stapf. Local name: Patrishi Ethnomedicinal
uses: The root powder is given along with ‘gud’
against fever. The root powder also act as an appetizer. Caltha palustris
L. Local name: Tatnu Ethnomedicinal
uses: Aqueous extract of root and shoot is diuretic and also used in cough.
Roots are used in urinary infections. Flower syrup is used against
inflammation. Delphinium
roylei Munz. Local name: Mori Ethnomedicinal
uses: Seeds are used as insecticide and treatment of skin eruptions. Family:
Rosaceae Crataegus songarica
G.
Koch. Local name: Dakh Ethnomedicinal
uses: The fruits are eaten to keep the heart healthy. The fruits are also
eaten against constipation Sorbaria tomentosa
(Lindley)
Rehder. Local name: Kaanhaji Ethnomedicinal
uses: The flowers are grinded in milk and the resulted paste is applied on
burns and wounds. Prunus aremeniaca
L. Local name: Haadi Ethnomedicinal
uses: Kernel is heated and then pressed to obtain oil, which is applied on
skin diseases and against rheumatism. Rosa
macrophylla Lindley Local name: Wan Gulab Ethnomedicinal
uses: Root decoction is used in eye troubles and in burns. Rubus hoffmeisterianus
Kunth.
and Bouche. Local name: Aassaa Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves and fruits are grinded in water and the resulted paste is
applied on skin diseases. Family:
Salicaceae Salix
alba L. Local name: Uri Ethnomedicinal
uses: Bark has antiseptic properties and is used to clean teeth. Bark is put
in the water and that water is used to bathe the newly born babies to avoid
any infection. Family:
Sambucaceae Sambucus wightiana
Wallich
ex wight and Arn. Local name: Kown. Ethnomedicinal
uses: The roots, leaves and berries are reported to be used for purgative
properties. The decoction of root and inner bark is an effective diuretic. Viburnum grandiflorum
Wallich ex DC Local name: Chalandar Ethnomedicinal
uses: Colloidal solution of powdered leaves is taken to relieve abdominal
pain. Fruits are used in constipation. Sap of leaves is used in eye
infections. Family:
Saxifragaceae Bergenia stracheyi
(Hook.
F. and Thoms.) Engl. Local name: Dhad kopdi Ethnomedicinal
uses: Rhizome paste is applied to swollen joints. Bark is antiseptic and is
used to heal up cuts and wounds. Saxifraga jacquemontiana
Decne. Local name: Agg jari Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaves are crushed and applied on ruptured wounds as an antiseptic
and these crushed leaves also accelerate healing. Family:
Scrophulariaceae Picrorhiza kurrooa
Royle
ex Benth. Local name: Kour Ethnomedicinal
uses: The root powder mixed with honey is given against fever. The root
powder mixed with honey also act as a cooling agent and an appetizer. Verbascum thapsus
L. Local name: Ban Tambaku Ethnomedicinal
uses: Leaves are dried and smoked for mental relaxation. A paste of leaves is
also applied on the wounds. The smoke (dhuni) of
the plant is utilized to drive away the ghostly instincts from the children.
Tea of leaves is used in cold and dysentry. Family:
Solanaceae Datura stramonium
L. Local name: Dhaturu Ethonomedicinal
uses: Oil medicated with dhatura is applied
to head in headache; to boils and skin diseases. Family:
Thymelaeaceae Daphne
oleoides Schrub. Local name: Kalishadi Ethnomedicinal
uses: The leaf is grinded in water and the resulted paste is applied on skin
diseases. Family:
Urticaceae Urtica dioica
L. Local name: Soyi Ethnomedicinal
uses: Crushed root is applied on cuts and wounds. The plant is used to treat
the paralyzed parts of the body by putting them on affected parts. Family:
Valerianaceae Valeriana dubia Local name: Murma Ethnomedicinal
uses: The roots and dried rhizomes are grinded and mixed in water to wash the
hair to get rid of dandruff. Family:
Violaceae Viola
serpens Wallich
Ex. Ging. Local name: Banafsha Ethnomedicinal
uses: The flowers are grinded in milk and applied on throat problems. The tea
containing the flowers of this plant is used against cough and cold. Results and
Discussion At
the end of field study, we determined that the number of plants considered as
medicinal plants in the research field is 71 species. These 71 species belong
to 68 genera and 39 families. Among these 10 species (10 genera) belong to Asteraceae, 5 species (5 genera) belong to Lamiaceae and Rosaceae
each, 3 species (3 genera) belong to Pinaceae and Ranunculaceae, 3
species (2 genera) belong to Berberidaceae, 2 species
(2 genera) belong to Apiaceae, Araceae,
Crassulaceae, Saxifragaceae,
Sambucaceae, Scrophulariaceae
each, 2 species (1 genera) belong to Polygoniaceae,
Ericaceae, Cupressaceae
each, and 1 species belong to the Balsaminaceae, Betulaceae, Boraginaceae, Cannabinaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Dipsacaceae, Geraniaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Iridaceae, Juglandaceae, Loranthaceae, Leguminosae, Moraceae, Malvaceae Papaveraceae, Phytolaccaceae, Punicaceae, Solanaceae, Salicaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Violaceae, Valerianaceae and Urticaceae. It
was observed that the preparation methods and usage of the plants were not
the same for all studied areas. In general, plants used for different
diseases: Plants
useful for skin problems: Out
of 70 plants, 27 plants were used for skin problems. These were Oxalis corniculata,
Juglans regia, Sorbaria tomentosa, Prunus armeniaca, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Jurinea dolomiaea, Betula utilis, Rubus hoffmeisterianus, Daphne oleoides, Verbascum thapsus, Urtica dioica, Desmodium elegans, Rumex nepalensis, Ficus palmata, Abies pindrow, Podophyllum hexandrum, Rheum australe,
Rhododendron anthopogon, Valeriana
dubia, Senecio chrysanthemoides, Bergenia stracheyi, Salix alba, Delphinium roylei,
Calendula officinalis, Saxifraga
jacquemontiana, Datura stramonium. Plants
useful in stomach problems:- 19
species were used for different stomach problems. These species were Artemisia maritima,
Taraxacum officinale, Viburnum grandiflorum, Rabdosia rugosa, Acorus calamus, Salvia moorcroftiana, Verbascum thapsus, Ficus palmata, Podophyllum hexandrum, Carydalis govaniana, Geranium wallichianum,
Phlomis bracteosa, Rheum australe, Ajuga bracteosa, Foeniculum vulgare, Angelica glauca, Tanacetum dolichophyllum, Berberis aristata, Rhododendron
campanulatum. Plants
useful in cough, cold and fever:- 14
species were used for cough cold and fever. These plants were Acorus calamus, Salvia
moorcroftiana, Betula utilis, Viola serpens, Verbascum thapsus, Aconitum violaceum, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Arnebia benthami, Caltha palustris, Phlomis bracteosa, Rhododendron anthopogon,
Saussurea lappa, Ajuga bracteosa and Rhododendron campanulatum. Plants
used against Rheumatism:- Taraxacum officinale,
Aesculus indica, Phytolacca acinosa, Dioscorea deltoidea, Prunus armeniaca, Cedrus deodara, Juniperus communis, Juniperus recurva, Abies pindrow, Geranium wallichianum and Senecio chrysanthemoides. Plants
used as tonic, appetizer and cooling agents:- Crocus sativus, Taraxacum officinale, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Impatiens glandulifera,
Punica granatum, Sedum ewersii, Mentha longifolia. Viburnum grandiflorum,.
Dioscorea deltoidea, Jurinea dolomiaea, Rosa macrophylla were used for eye
infection. Phytolacca acinosa, Verbascum thapsus, Impatiens glandulifera, Cannabis sativa used as narcotic and for
mental relaxation. Inula royleana and Crataegus songarica useful
for heart problems. Betula
utilis and Caltha palustris used to cure the urinogential
diseases. Urtica dioica used
for paralysis. Arisaema flavum and
Impatiens glandulifera used against snake bite.
Arnebia benthami
used for pneumonia. Cedrus deodara,
Berberis lycium, Juniperus recurva, Delphinium roylei, Morina longifolia were used for insect
repellent and insecticides. Conclusion Wild
plants were found to be an important source of medicine in Kishtwar. This information was collected mostly from the
knowledgeable informants over 70 years old that had been handed down through
the ages. These medicines have less side effects as compared to the
allopathic medicines and are also eco-friendly. So there would be a need to
conserve this knowledge and distribute it. Cautionary Note Warnings:
This research was performed for scientific purposes. In the above mentioned
plants, some plants are toxic, thus the author does not recommend ingesting
or otherwise using any plant, plant extract, or plant product and cannot be
responsible for the effects on anyone. In some plants, the part used was
first given specific treatment and then used.
Acknowledgements The
authors Whishes to thank Dr. Krishna Anand (Curator
in the Herbarium, Department of
Botany, University of Jammu) for her help in identification of plant species
and also for her moral support. Thanks
to the knowledgeable and experienced persons of the area for sharing their
knowledge with us. References Chauhan,
N.S. 1999. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Himachal Pradesh. Indus
Publishing Company, New Delhi. Grunwald,
H. 2000. An economic overview of herbal drug trade. WHO report, 1: 77-181 Hooker,
J.D. 1872-97. The flora of British India, Vol. I-VII. L. Reeve, London. Janaki
Ammal, E.K. 1956. Introduction to the subsistence
economy of India. In: L.T. William Jr. (Ed.) man’s role in changing face of
the earth. University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 324-335. Kala,
C.P., Dhyani, P.P. and Sajwan,
B.S. 2006. Developing the medicinal plant sector in north india:
challenges and opportunities. J. ethnobiology and ethnomedicine. Kumar, S and Hamal, I.A.
2009. Wild Edibles of Kishtwar High Altitude National Park in Northwest
Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir (India). Ethnobotanical
Leaflets, 13: 195-202. 2009. Kumar,
S., Khan, M., Araf. M. and Hamal,
I.A. 2009. Diversity of vascular plants of Kishtwar
High Altitude National Park, Jammu and Kashmir (Northwest Himalaya). The Ecoscan,
3(1 & 2): 177-187. Kumar,
S., Khan, M., Araf. M. and Hamal,
I.A. 2009. Indigenous Medicinal plants of Kishtwar
high altitude national Park(Northwest Himalaya) Jammu and Kashmir, India-
Diversity, Uses and conservation concerns. The Bioscan, 4(2): 335-343. Nasir,
E. and Ali, S.I. 1970. Flora of West Pakistan. Department of Botany
University of Karachi. Polunin,
O. and Stainton, A. 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya.
Oxford University Press. Sharma,
B.M. and Kachroo, P. 1983. Flora of Jammu and
plants of neighborhood. Dehradun, India. Shiva,
M.P. 1996. Inventory of forest resources for sustainable management and
biodiversity conservation. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. Singh,
J. B. and Kachroo, P. 1994. Flora of Pir Panjal range (Northwest
Himalaya). Bishen Singh and Mahendra
Pal Singh , Dehradun, India. Singh,
J. B. and Kachroo, P. 1976. Forest flora of
Srinagar. Bishen Singh and Mahendra
Pal Singh , Dehradun, India. |