|
Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 14: 193-217, 2010.
Ethnobotanical
Observations in the Mornaula Reserve Forest of Kumoun, West Himalaya, India
Shreekar Pant* and S.S. Samant
Centre
for Biodiversity Studies, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology,
Baba
Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri-185 131, J&K; and
G.B.
Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development,
Himachal
Unit, Mohal-Kullu- 175 126, Himachal Pradesh, India
*
Corresponding author E-mail: shreekarpant.2@rediffmail.com
Issued: February 01, 2010
Abstract
A field trip was undertaken in the Mornaula Reserve
Forest of Kumaun, West Himalaya, India. A collection of plants was made from
this reserve forest at an altitude ranging from 1500-2200m amsl. Local people
were contacted for the local names and uses of plants growing there. They are
used as medicine, edible, fuel, fodder, timber, fiber, making agricultural
implements and religious ceremonies.
Key words: Ethnobotany, Mornaula Reserve Forest,
Indigenous Knowledge, Utilization Pattern.
Introduction
India
is one of the leading countries in Asia in
terms of the wealth of traditional knowledge systems related to the use of
plant species and blessed with rich and diverse heritage of cultural
traditions. The diverse natural habitats all over the Himalayan Region are
rich repositories of plant diversity that are used for a variety of purposes i.e.,
food, fiber, fodder, medicine, spices, dyes, making agriculture
implements etc. A large number of plants from the wild/cultivated are widely
used in traditional systems of medicine and a few of them having trade
values. More than 43% of the total flowering plants are reported to be of
medicinal importance (Pushpangadan, 1995) and a large number of them are used
in Ayurveda, Homeopathy and Unani systems of medicine. In the Indian
Himalayan Region (IHR) the use of medicinal plants is still a tradition
continued by local people or ethnic communities. Even today the traditional
health care practices hold much potential or most of the people depend upon
the nearby plant species (Farooquee, 1994 and Maikhuri et al., 2000).
The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR)
harbours 18,440 species of the flora (Singh and Hajra, 1996).
The rich plant diversity of the region is used for the various purposes such
as medicinal, wild edible, fuel, fodder, religious, timber, making
agricultural implements, etc. by the inhabitants. This is the fact that 1,748
medicinal plants, 675 wild edibles, 155 plants of sacred belief, 118 essential
oil yielding medicinal plants and 279 fodder plants have been recorded from
the IHR (Samant et al., 1998; Samant and Dhar, 1997; Samant and Pant, 2003;
Samant and Palni, 2000 and Samant, 1998).
Several studies have been carried out
on the use of the medicinal plants in the IHR in general and Uttarakhand
State in particular (Samant et al., 1998; Joshi
et al., 1999; Gaur, 1999; Pande and Joshi, 2001; Samant et al., 2001; Tripathi, 2001; Samant et al., 2002; Dhar et al., 2002; Samant and Pal, 2003; Kala et al., 2004;
Kala, 2005 and Pant, 2005). But, most of the studies
have given focused on inventorisation of the wild plants. Such kinds of
studies have not been attempted by any of the workers in Reserve Forests of
the Uttarakhand. Therefore, present study has
been conducted in the surrounding villages of the Mornaula Reserve Forest (29°24’-29°30’N
to 79°49’-79°52’E)
of the Uttarakhand State to document the ethnobotany of the reserve forest in
particular and in general.
Materials and Methodology
The present study is based on the
extensive and intensive surveys conducted in 9 villages i.e., Khakar,
Bhetuania, Dole, Damar, Tarani, Bercheula, Lohanigaon, Harinagar, and Nartola surrounding the MRF from 2002-2004. The
old knowledgeable persons including village vaidhyas from each village
were interviewed and information was generated on the local names, indigenous
uses and traditional practices of the species( Photo 1, 2, and 3) and in some
cases we used secondary sources (Jain, 1991). The fresh samples of the species were collected and brought to
the Institute for identification with the help of research papers and local
floras (Gaur, 1999; Osmaston, 1978; Babu, 1977; Naithani, 1985 and 85;
Samant, 1987 and Pangtey et al., 1988). The nativity and endemism of the
species have been identified based on the distribution of the species
(Anonymous, 1883-1970; Samant, 1993; Samant et al., 2001 and Samant et al.,
2002). The species restricted to the IHR have been identified as endemic and
those extended to neighbouring countries and States, considered as near
endemic.
Photo 1. Information generation on various aspects of resource
utilization pattern (author and village vaidhyas).
Photo2. Traditional practice of thread
preparation from the fibers of Cannabis
sativa.
Photo 3. Indigenous use of plants as medicine by the inhabitants.
Results
Species Diversity and Utilization Pattern
The present study recorded 337
economically important species (trees: 75 spp.; shrubs: 69 spp.; and herbs:
193 spp. including pteridophytes: 07 spp.) belonging to 111 families and 260
genera from the MRF. These species have been used as medicine (221 spp.),
wild edible/food (114 spp.), fodder (94 spp.), fuel (40 spp.), religious (12
spp.), making agricultural implements (11 spp.), timber (09 spp.), and
various other uses (25 spp.). Among the useful species, 144 species had
multipurpose utility and 193 species had single utility. The use pattern
indicated that leaves of 117 species, whole plants of 79 species, fruits of
68 species, roots of 55 species, aerial parts of 28 species, barks of 27
species, seeds of 21 species, flowers of 18 species, and bulbs/tubers of 16
species were used, while the other parts such as latex, inflorescence, seed
oil, bark oil and fronds were widely used for various purposes (Table 1).
Distribution pattern
Altitudinal distribution
The altitudinal distribution of the
economically important species indicated that relatively maximum species were
distributed between 1500-1800m amsl zone and minimum
species in the zone >1801m. Altitudinal distribution of the economically
important species within different use categories has been presented (Fig.
1).
Fig. 1. Altitudinal distribution of economically important
species in MRF.
Nativity and Endemism
Among the economically important
species (i.e.,337), 44.80 % species were native, 9.19 % species having
Indian Origin and 45.99 % species were distributed to other biogeographic regions.
Indigenous uses
Of the total 337 economically
important species, 221 species were used for curing various
diseases/ailments. For example, fronds of Adiantum
venustum were used in fever; roots of Acorus calamus were used for
curing bronchitis, toothache, headache, and pain in neck; and Asparagus
racemosus in rheumatism, bleeding from nose, blood from urine, cough,
diarrhoea, dysentery, gastric complaints, snake bite, menstrual complaints,
ulcer on tounge, urinary complaints; whole plant of Artemisia nilagarica
in asthma, ear complaints, epilepsy, menstrual complaints, nervous disease,
skin disease, stomachache, and as tonic; roots of Bergenia ligulata in kidney stone; roots and leaves of Melothria
heterophylla in antifertility, cuts, diabetes, fever, stomatache; roots
of Malva verticillata in cough, emollient pectoral complaints, piles,
ulcer, and urine complaints. The remaining species are used for the treatment
of various diseases/ailments (Table 1).
Among all the species, 144 species had
multipurpose utility (Table 1), for example, Pistacia integerrima was used for medicine, edible (food),
fodder, tannin, timber, and dye; Cornus capitata was used for edible
fruits (food), fuel, and animal bedding; Quercus leucotrichophora was used for fuel, fodder and
timber; Polygonatum verticillatum was
used for medicine, edible (food) and other purposes; Cynodon dactylon
was used for medicine, religious and ornamental purposes in lawns; Myrica
esculenta as medicinal, edible, fuel, etc.; Grewia
oppositifolia for medicine, fodder, fuel, and fibre; and Pyrus
pashia as medicine, edible, fuel, fodder, and
religious purpose.
Table 1. Economically important plants of
the MRF, Kumaun, West Himalaya, India.
|
Family/Taxa
|
Local name
|
Altitudinal range (m)
|
Life form
|
Part/s used
|
Indigenous uses
|
|
Angiosperms
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acanthaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aechmanthera
gossypina
(Nees) Nees
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
AP
|
Fodder
|
|
Barlaria
cristata L.
|
-
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Anaemia, body pain, headache, swelling legs, toothache); edible
|
|
Dicliptera
roxburghiana Nees
|
Kathmul
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Tonic)
|
|
Goldfussia
dalhoussiana Nees
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
AP
|
Fodder;
Making Dye
|
|
Justicia
adhatoda L.
|
Adasthodalam
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
Rt, Fl, Fr, Lf, Wd
|
Medicinal
(Antipyretic, anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, asthma, bronchitis, child
birth, cold, consumption cough, dislocation of joints, eczema except
febrifuge, malaria, pulmonary affect, rheumatism, swelling, venereal
complaints); edible
|
|
Aceraceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acer cappadocicum Gledt.
|
Duthkhamia
|
1800-2200
|
T
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
A. oblongum Wall.
|
Safed
putli
|
1500-2000
|
T
|
Lf,
St
|
Fodder;
Agricultural tool; Timber; Fuel
|
|
Agavaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agave
americana L
|
Rambas
|
1500-1700
|
Sh
|
Lf,
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Purgative, emmenagogue, diuretic)
|
Alliaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa L.
|
Lashun
|
1800-2000
|
H
|
Lf,
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Anti anthelmintic, blisters, boils, bronchitis, piles, ring worm); used as
spices
|
|
A.
sativum
L.
|
Jaubus
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
Lf,
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Eczema, piles, rheumatic pain, whooping cough); Used as spices
|
|
Achyranthaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Achyranthes
aspera L.
|
Ultisah
ji
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Abortifacient, antifertility in women, asthma, bleeding in delivery,
boils, bronchitis, child birth, cold, cough, debility, dropsy, dog bite,
dysentery, ear complaint, eye complaints, febrifuge, germicide, headache,
hydrophobia, insect bite, laxative leucoderma, liver complaints, pain in
ribs, body, piles, pneumonia, reduces hunger, renal complaints, rheumatism,
scabies, scorpion bite, skin disease, sore, stomachache, syphilis, tonic,
toothache, whooping cough, wounds, veterinary medicinal to expel placenta,
eye complaints) ; Edible
|
|
A.
bidentata Bl.
|
Adhajhar
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Blisters in mouth, cholera hermicrania, scrofula, scorpion sting,
swelling, whooping cough)
|
|
Amaranthaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amaranthus
spinosus L.
|
Kanta-bhanji
|
1500-1700
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Abortifacient, antiemetic, blood purifier, cold, cough, colic, eczema,
gonorrhoea, heat in body, laxative, piles, purgative, scorpion sting, snake
bite); Edible
|
|
Cyathula
tomentosa (Roth)
Moq.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
Rt,
Lf, Px
|
Medicinal
(Skin disease); Fodder
|
|
Anacardiaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pistacia integerrima Sw.
|
Kakrasingi
|
1500-1800
|
T
|
Kr
|
Medicinal
(Tonic, expectorant, cough, phtisis, asthma, fever, appetite, irritability
of the stomach, chronic pulmonary affection, dyspeptic vomiting and
diarrhoea); Edible; Fodder; Tanning; Timber; Dye
|
|
Rhus cotinus L.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
Fr,
Fl
|
Tanning,
dye yellow
|
|
R. javanica L.
|
-
|
1500-1600
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
R. parviflora Roxb.
|
Murthi
|
1500-2000
|
Sh
|
Rt,
Fr, Bk
|
Medicinal
(Sun burn); Edible
|
|
R. wallichii
Hk. f.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
T
|
St
|
Agricultural
tool
|
|
Apiaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bupleurum
longicaule Wall.
ex DC.
|
Kala-ajwain
|
1600-2200
|
H
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Liver complaints)
|
|
Centella
asiatica (L.)
Urban
|
Bramhi
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Anthelmintic, blood disease, blood dysentery, brain tonic, cholera,
cooling, cough, diarrhoea, diuretic, dysentery, eczema, eye complaints,
fever, gastric disease, headache, insanity, leprosy, liver complaints,
nervine disease, post natal tonic, respiratory disease, skin disease,
stomachache, syphilis tonic tubercular, tumor, boil, urine complaints,
wounds); Edible
|
|
Heracleum
candicans Wall.
ex DC.
|
Gandharajan
|
1700-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Leucoderma, menstrual complaints); Edible
|
|
Hydrocotyle
javanica Thunb.
|
Aulijhar
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Dysentery, indigestion, fever)
|
|
Selinum tenuifolium Wall.
|
Bhutkesh
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Incense, insecticidal, nervine, sedative)
|
|
Apocynaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trachelospermum
lucidum (Don)
K. Schum
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
Bk,
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Malarial fever); Fodder
|
|
Aquifoliaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ilex dipyrena Wall.
|
Bhasikaral
|
1600-2200
|
T
|
Lf,
Wd
|
Fodder;
Fuel
|
|
Araceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acorus
calamus L.
|
Bach
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Px,
Rt, Rh
|
Medicinal
(Bronchitis, Tooth problem, headache, pain in neck)
|
|
Arisaema
tortuosum (Wall.)
Schott
|
Bibanka
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Veterinary); Edible
|
|
A. flavum (Forsk.) Schott.
|
Bang
|
1600-2200
|
H
|
Bb
|
Medicinal
(Skin disease)
|
|
A. jacquemontii Bl.
|
Bang
|
1700-2200
|
H
|
Bb
|
Medicinal
(Ring worm, Skin disease); Edible
|
|
Araliaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hedera
nepalensis Koch.
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
Fr,
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Cold, cough, Stimulant, diaphoretic, cathartic, rheumatism); Edible
|
|
Arecaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phoenix humilis Royle
|
Khajoor
|
1500-1700
|
T
|
Fr
|
Edible
|
|
Asclepiadaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cryptolepis
buchanani Roem.
and Schultes
|
Audita
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Rickets, milk supply); Fiber
|
|
Asparagaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Asparagus
racemosus Willd.
|
Keruva
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
Fr, Rt
|
Medicinal
(Anthlemintic, aphrodisiac, rheumatism, bleeding from nose, blood from
urine, cough, diarrhoea, dysentery, febrifuge, gastric complaints,
gonorrhoea, headache, importance, leucorrhoea, menstrual complaints, snake bite,
stomachache, tonic, ulcer on tongue, urine complaints, wounds); Edible
|
|
Asteraceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ageratum
conyzoides L.
|
Ajgandha
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Antilithic for kidney stone, antiseptic, boils, burns, cancer, cuts,
diarrhoea, flatul in colic, headache, heamostate, leprosy, muscular pain,
piles, prolapsus anus, ringworm, scabies, skin disease, snake bite, sores,
swell body, tumor, uterine disorder); Edible
|
|
Ainsliaea
aptera DC.
|
Karu-buti
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Stomachache)
|
|
Anaphalis contorta (D.Don)
Hk.f.
|
Poth
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Fl
|
Medicinal
(Antibacterial, stop bleeding)
|
|
A.
triplinervis (Sims.) Cl.
|
Bukki
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Diuretic)
|
|
Artemisia
nilagarica (Cl.)
Pamp.
|
Pati
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Abscess, analgesic, anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, asthma, ear complaints,
epilepsy, febrifuge haemostatic, headache, menstrual complaints, nervous
disease, peptic ulcer, skin disease, sores, stomachache, tonic, vermifuge,
wounds); Edible
|
|
Bidens
pilosa L.
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(cough, cuts, diarrhoea, ear and eye complaints, headache, inflammation,
leprosy, skin disease, snake bite, sores, wounds); Edible
|
|
Blumea
lanciniata
(Roxb.) DC.
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Blood purification)
|
|
Conyza
stricta Willd.
|
-
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Bone fracture)
|
|
Eupatorium
adenophorum Spreng.
|
Pookiduva
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Cuts, injuries, wounds as haemostat, stomachache)
|
|
Galinsonga
parviflora Cav.
|
-
|
1500-2100
|
H
|
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Stop bleeding)
|
|
Gerbera
gossypina (Royle)
Beauv.
|
Kapasi
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Blood pressure, gastric disorder)
|
|
Inula
cappa DC.
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
Senecio nudicaulis Buch.-Ham.
ex Don
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Cough, cold)
|
|
S.
rufinervis DC.
|
-
|
1600-2100
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
Sonchus
oleraceus L.
|
Chakor
patti
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
AP
|
Medicinal
(Jaundice, gout; liver complaints; tonic)
|
|
Tegetes
minuta L.
|
Ban
Hajari
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Oil
(Aromatic)
|
|
Taraxacum
officinalis Webber
|
Kanphul
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Blister blood purifier, bowel complaints, diuretic, dysentery, gastric, ulcer,
headache, kidney disease, liver complaints, tonic, vertigo wounds); Edible
|
|
Youngia japonica (L.) DC.
|
-
|
2000-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Urine complaints)
|
|
Begoniaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Begonia
picta Sm.
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Bristles on tongue, ulcer on mouth)
|
|
Berberidaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Berberis aristata DC.
|
Kilmora
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
Rt,
Bk, Fr
|
Medicinal
(Bite of rat, snakes, boils, eye complaints); Edible
|
|
B. asiatica Roxb.
|
Kilmora,Chutar
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Antidote to snake bite complaints, malaria, piles); Edible; Fuel
|
|
Betulaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alnus
nepalensis Don
|
Utish
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
Lf,
St
|
Fodder;
Fuel; Agricultural tools,
|
|
Betula
alnoides Buch.-Ham.
ex Don
|
Kat
bhoj
|
1700-2200
|
T
|
St
|
Fuel;
Timber
|
|
Brassicaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)
Heynh.
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Treatment of sores in mouth)
|
|
Brassica campestris L.
|
Sarsoo
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP,
Sd
|
Edible;
Religious
|
|
Capsella
bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Blood pressure, iarrhea, dropsy)
|
|
Cardamine impatiens L.
|
-
|
1600-2000
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Stimulant, diuretic)
|
|
Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern.
|
-
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
Sd
|
Medicinal
(Asthma, bronchitis)
|
|
Thlaspi arvense L.
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Wounds, cuts. Pulmonary infection, swelling)
|
|
Buxaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sarcococa
saligna (Don) Muell.-Arg.
|
Chamlohat
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
Lf,
Fi
|
Fodder;
Fibre (making fiber)
|
|
Caesalpiniaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bauhinia
variegata L.
|
Guiral
|
1500-1800
|
T
|
Bk,
Fl, Rt, Lf
|
Medicinal
(Diarrhoea, dysentery, fatness, indigestion, laxative, leprosy, malaria,
piles (bleed), scrofula, skin disease, snake bite, syphilis, tumors,
ulcers, worms); Edible
|
|
Cannabaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cannabis
sativa L.
|
Bhang
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Bk,
Lf, Sd, Fr, Fl
|
Medicinal
(Anthelmintic, appetite, bowel complaints, bronchitis, cold, cough,
convulsion, cramp, eye disease, gonorrhoea, laxative, narcotic, nervine stimulant,
paralysis of tongue, piles, skin disease, skin eruption); Edible
|
|
Caprifoliaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lonicera
quinqulocularis Hardw.
|
Badkukra
|
1600-2200
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
Viburnum
cotinifolium Don
|
Titmolia
|
1600-2200
|
Sh
|
Bk,
Fr, St
|
Medicinal (Menorrhea); Edible; Fodder; Fuel
|
|
V.
mullaha Buch.-Ham.
ex Don
|
Titmuya
|
1600-2200
|
T
|
Fr
|
Edible;
Fodder; Fuel
|
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cerastium cerastioides (L.)
Britt.
|
Pangein
|
1700-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Backache, bodyache, headache, renal pain, cough)
|
|
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd.
|
-
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Asthma, burn, cold, diarrhoea, dysentery, food poison, heavy fever, headache,
insect bite, laxative, mouth and tongue sores, pneumonia, skin disease,
snake bite, stomachache, vomiting, wounds)
|
|
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Bone fracture); Edible
|
|
Celastraceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Euonymus pendulus Wall.
|
Kanki
|
1700-2100
|
T
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
Maytenus rufa (Wall. ex Roxb.) Raju
and Babu
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
T
|
Fr
|
Edible
|
|
Chenopodiaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chenopodium
album L.
|
Bathua
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
Lf,
Sd
|
Medicinal
(To revive taste, skin disease, urine complaints); Edible
|
|
C.
ambrosioides L.
|
Chisikbol
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Anthelmintic, influenza, pneumonia, typhoid, vermifuge)
|
|
Combretaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Terminalia
chebula Retz.
|
Harar
|
1600-1800
|
T
|
Fr,
Bk
|
Medicinal
(Bronchitis, cold, colic, constipation, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea,
disuria, dysentery, eczema, eye disease, haematuria, indigestion, measels, menstrual,
complaints, pneumonia, purgative, sores in throat, spleen complaints,);
Edible
|
|
Commelinaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commelina
benghalensis L.
|
Kankaua
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
Lf,
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Diarrhoea, fever, irritation by bristles of caterpillar, laxative, liver
complaints refrigerent, scorpion bite, snake bite, sores, wounds); Edible
|
|
C.
paludosa Bl.
|
Patugia
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(on insect stings)
|
|
Coriariaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coriaria nepalensis Wall.
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
T
|
Fr
|
Edible
|
|
Cornaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cornus
capitata Wall.
|
Bamor
|
1500-2000
|
T
|
Fr,
St
|
Edible;
Fuel; Agricultural tools
|
|
C.
macrophylla Wall.
|
Khagsoo
|
1500-2000
|
T
|
Fr,
St
|
Edible;
Fuel
|
|
C.
oblonga Wall.
|
-
|
1800-2200
|
T
|
St
|
Fuel
|
|
Corylaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carpinus
viminea Lindl.
|
Chamkharik
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
Lf,
St, Bk
|
Medicinal
(Stomachache, liver complaints); Fodder; Fuel
|
|
Crassulaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kalanchoe
pennata (Lamk.)
Pers.
|
Patherchut
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Amoebic dysentery, body heat, boils, sores, wounds, gastric complaints, headache,
influenza, insect bite, kidney stone)
|
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam.
|
Kaddu
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Fr,
Sd
|
Medicinal
(Intestinal Worms),
Edible
|
|
Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cong.
|
Bankakri
|
1700-2200
|
H
|
Rt,
Lf, Fr
|
Medicinal
(Antifertility, cuts, diabetes, fever, stomachache); Edible
|
|
Trichosanthes tricuspidata
|
Indraini
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
Lf,
Rt, Sd
|
Medicinal
(Burns, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, pneumonia, rheumatism, snake bite,
vomiting); Edible
|
|
Cyperaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carex
cruciata Walhlenb.
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
Cyperus
compressus L.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
C.
difformis L.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
C.
niveus L.
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
C.
squarrosus L.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
C.
triceps Lindl.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
Dioscoriaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dioscorea
belophylla Voigt.
|
Tarar-ki-bel
|
1500-1900
|
H
|
Tu
|
Medicinal
(boils, jaundice); Edible
|
|
D.
bulbifera L.
|
Dhankanda
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
Tu
|
Medicinal
(Abdominal pain, boils, bone fracture, dysentery, piles, jaundice)
|
|
D.
deltoidea Wall.
ex Kunth
|
Gun
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Tu
|
Medicinal
(Dysentery, piles); Edible
|
|
Droseraceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drosera
peltata Sm.
|
Bachizhar
|
1700-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Curious, insectivorus); Fodder; Dye
|
|
Ehretiaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cordia
wallichii G.
Don
|
-
|
1600-2200
|
T
|
Fr,
Bk
|
Edible
|
|
Elaeagnaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Elaeagnus
conferta Roxb.
|
Palaga
|
1500-2000
|
Sh
|
Fl,
Fr
|
Medicinal
(Sores, ulcer); Edible
|
|
Ericaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lyonia
ovalifolia (Wall.)
Drude
|
Angyar
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Boils, pimples, skin eruption, worms, wounds); Fuel
|
|
Rhododendron
arboreum Sm.
|
Burans
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
Fl,
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Dysentery, fever, headache, rheumatism, wounds); Edible; Fuel
|
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Daphniphyllum himalayense
Muell.-Arg.
|
Ragarchhanan
|
1700-2200
|
T
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
Emblica
officinalis Gaertn.
|
Amla
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
Fr,
Sd, Bk, Lf
|
Medicinal
(Antiemetic, asthma, bronchitis, burns, cold, constipation, cooling,
diabetes, diuretic, dysentery, eye complaints, fever, headache, laxative, liver
complaints, madness, purgative, revive taste, scorpion bite, stomach
complaints, thirst vaginal complaints, wounds, veterinary stomach disease);
Edible
|
|
Euphorbia
hirta L.
|
Dudhi
|
1600-1800
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Abscess, antidote in snake bite, asthma, boils of mouth, breast pain,
bronchitis infection, burns, colic, cough, cuts, diarrhoea, dysentery,
eczema, excess lactation, eye complains, gonorrhoea, kidney disease,
lactation-complaints, pain, postanal complaints, rickets, ring worm,
scabies, scorpion bite, skin disease sores on breast, toothache, vomiting);
Edible
|
|
Glochidion
velutinum Wt.
|
-
|
1500-1700
|
T
|
Lf,
St
|
Fuel;
Tanning
|
|
Phyllanthus
virgatus Frost.
|
Bhui-amla
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Asbcess, cold and fever, dysentery, gonorrhoea, itch, piles, stomachache);
Edible
|
|
Sapium
insigne Trim.
|
Chiran
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
La
|
Medicinal
(Germicidal)
|
|
Fabaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crotalaria albida Heyne
ex Roth
|
Ban
methi
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Purgative)
|
|
Dalbergia
sericea
G. Don
|
-
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
Desmodium
concinum DC.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
AP
|
Fodder
|
|
D.
elegans DC.
|
Bhatul
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
St,
Lf
|
Fodder;
Fuel
|
|
D.
gangeticum (L.)
DC.
|
Salpan
|
1500-2000
|
Sh
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Antidote to snake venom, asthma, bronchitis, cough, dysentery, eye
infection, fever, tonic, vomiting); Fodder
|
|
D.
heterocarpon (L.) DC.
|
Sarivan
|
1500-1600
|
Sh
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Cough, fever, tonic)
|
|
D.
microphyllum (Thunb.) DC.
|
Chattomara
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(abortifacient)
|
|
Flemingia fruticosa
Wall. ex Benth.
|
-
|
1600-2200
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
F.
strobilifera (L.) Ait.
|
Chauranga
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
Rt,
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Epilepsy); Fodder
|
|
F.
semialata Roxb.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
Rt,
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Ulcer, neck swelling, external use); Dye
|
|
F.
vestita Benth.
ex Baker
|
Ajher
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Rt,
Fr, Tu
|
Edible
|
|
Indigofera atropurpurea Buch.-Ham.ex Roxb.
|
Sakena
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
Lf,
Fl
|
Fodder;
Dye
|
|
I. cylindrica Wall. ex Baker
|
Sakena
|
1500-1900
|
Sh
|
Lf,
Fl
|
Fodder;
Dye
|
|
I. heterantha Wall. ex Brandis
|
Sakena
|
1800-2100
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
I. pulchella Roxb.
|
Sakena
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
Lf,
Fl, Infl
|
Medicinal
(Cough, epilepsy, mennorhagea, swelling face in labour); Edible
|
|
Lespedeza gerardiana Grah.
ex Baker
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
Medicago
lupulina L.
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
Melilotus
indica (L.)
All.
|
Senj
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Plaster for swelling, bowel complaints, infantile, diarrhoea)
|
|
Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb.
ex Wild.) DC.
|
Ghora-bel,
Bilaikand
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
Tu,
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Abdominal pain, antiemetic, asthma, bodyache, chest pain, cholera,
diarrhoea, fever, lactation, mennorhoea, rheumatism, skin disease,
swelling, syphilis, tonic, ulcer, veterinary lactation); Edible
|
|
Trifolium
repens L.
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Dandruff)
|
|
Vicia
sativa L.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
Fr,
AP
|
Edible;
Fodder
|
|
Zornia
gibbosa Span.
|
Hirankurni
|
1600-1900
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Cramps, dysentery, sedative, sores, wounds, spermatorrhoea)
|
|
Fagaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quercus
floribunda Thunb.
|
Kharsu
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
Lf,
St
|
Fodder;
Agricultural tools
|
|
Q.
leucotrichophora A. Camus
|
Banj
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
St,
Lf
|
Fodder;
Fuel; Timber
|
|
Gentianaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swertia
angustifolia Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don
|
Chiraitu
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Malarial fever)
|
|
S. cordata Wall.
ex Cl.
|
Chiraita
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Anthelmintic, antiperiodic, Appetite, laxative)
|
|
S.
paniculata Wall.
|
Chiraita
|
1700-2000
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Fever)
|
|
Geraniaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Geranium nepalense Sw.
|
Lajari
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Cuts, jaundice, toothache, ulcer, wounds, stomach complaints); Dye
|
|
G. wallichianum
Don ex Sw.
|
-
|
2000-2200
|
H
|
Lf,
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Astringent, ear and eye disease, toothache)
|
|
Gesneriaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Didymocarpus
pedicellata R.Br.
|
-
|
1600-2200
|
H
|
Lf,
Fl, Sd
|
Medicinal
(Stone in kidney, bladder)
|
|
Haemodoraceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mondo intermedium (Don)
Bailey
|
-
|
1600-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
Hippocastanaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aesculus indica Colebr.
|
Panger
|
1500-2100
|
T
|
Fr,
Bk, Rt, Sd oil, Kr
|
Medicinal
(Anthelmintic, dislocated joints, diuretic, leucorrhoea, skin fissures,
cracks, veterinary medicine, wounds); Edible
|
|
Hydrangeaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hydrangea anomala Don
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
Sh
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
Hypericaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypericum elodeoides Choisy.
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
WP
|
Fodder
|
|
H. javanicia Thunb.
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
H. oblongifolium Choisy.
|
Gophal
|
1800-2200
|
Sh
|
Lf,
Fl
|
Medicinal
(Wounds, boils); Fodder
|
|
H. uralum Buch.-Ham.
|
-
|
1800-2200
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
Hypoxidaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Curculigo
orchioides Gaertn.
|
Kali-musli
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Abortifacient antidote to poison, asthma, blindness, cough, cuts,
dysentery, ear complaints, epilepsy, eye complaints like white spots on
ball, filaria, fever, galactagogue, itching, leucorderma, nose bleed,
piles, bleed, scorpion bite, skin disease, snake bite, tonic, venereal
complaints, wounds veterinary, eye disease); Edible
|
|
Hypoxis
aurea Lour.
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
Tu
|
Medicinal
(Injuries, swelling); Edible
|
|
Juglandaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Engelhardtia
spicata Bl.
|
Ripekam
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
Lf
|
Fish
poison
|
|
Juglans
regia L.
|
Akhrot
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
Bk,
Lf, Fr
|
Medicinal
(Anthelmintic, astringent, frost bite, rheumatism, sores of toes,
toothache); Edible, fuel
|
|
Lamiaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ajuga
brachystemon Maxim.
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Ascariasis)
|
|
A.
parviflora Benth.
|
Tipati
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Lf,
Sd
|
Medicinal
(Ascariasis)
|
|
Anisomeles indica (L.) Ktze.
|
Ramtulsi
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Antidote to poisonous bite, antipyretic, astringent, carminative, fever,
muscles pain, nervous complaints, refrigerant, uteric infection)
|
|
Colebrookia
oppositifolia Sm.
|
-
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
Px,
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Cough, sores, wounds)
|
|
Coleus
forskohlii (Willd.)
Bri.
|
Badda-jari
|
1500-1900
|
H
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Blood pressure, constipation, tonic)
|
|
Mentha
arvensis L.
|
Podina
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Stomach ache, liver disorder, vomiting)
|
|
Ocimum canum Sm.
|
Tulsi
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Bronchitis, itching, ear complaints, leprosy, fever, ring worm); Edible
(As Tea); Religious
|
|
Origanum
vulgare L.
|
Bantulsi
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Cold, diarrhoea, fever, hysteria, influenza, menstrual complaints,
stimulant, tonic); Edible, Religious
|
|
Salvia
lanata Roxb.
|
Gania
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Adulterant)
|
|
Thymus
linearis Benth.
|
Banajwain
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Anthelmintic, eye disorder, heating effect, labour, postnatal, liver
complaints, skin disease, stomach ache, vermicidal); Edible
|
|
Lardizabalaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hoelboelia latifolia Wall.
|
-
|
1500-
2200
|
Sh
|
Fr
|
Edible
|
|
Lauraceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cinnamoum
tamala Nees
and Ebern
|
Tajpat
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
Bk,
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Heart and throat complaints); Spices
|
|
Litsea
umbrosa Nees
|
Putli
|
1600-2200
|
T
|
Lf
|
Fodder;
Fuel
|
|
Persea
duthiei (King.
ex Hk.f.) Kostern.
|
Kaul
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
Lf
|
Fuel;
Fodder
|
|
P. odoratissima Nees
|
Kaul
|
1800-2200
|
T
|
Lf
|
Fuel;
Fodder
|
|
Leeaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale
|
Kumali
|
1500-1700
|
H
|
Fl,
Rt, Fr
|
Medicinal
(Cuts, wounds, rheumatism, snake bite, urine complaints); Edible
|
|
Liliaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gloriosa
superba L.
|
-
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
Rh,
Px, Rt
|
Medicinal
(Rheumatic pain, leprosy, piles, gout)
|
|
Lilium
polyphyllum Don ex Royle
|
Kandmool
|
1600-2200
|
H
|
Bb
|
Medicinal
(Tonic)
|
|
Paris polyphylla Sm.
|
Satwa
|
1600-2000
|
H
|
Rh
|
Medicinal
(Diarrhoea, fever)
|
|
Polygonatum
verticillatum Wall.
|
Khol
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
Rh,
Bb
|
Medicinal
(Aphrodisiac, appetite, nervine tonic, tonic); Edible
|
|
Smilacina
purpurea Wall.
|
-
|
1700-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Edible
|
|
Trillidium
govanianum (Don.)
Kunth
|
Satwa
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
Tu
|
Medicinal
(Dysentery)
|
|
Tulipa
stellata Hk.
f.
|
-
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
Fr
|
Edible
|
|
Loranthaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dendrophthoe
subfalcata (L.f.)
Etting
|
-
|
1500-1700
|
Sh
|
Fr
|
Edible
|
|
Taxillus
vestitus (Wall.)
Danser
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
Fr
|
Edible
|
|
Viscum
album L.
|
Raghumola
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Abortifacient, antifertility bodyache, spleen complaints)
|
|
Lythraceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Woodfordia
fruticosa (L.)
Kurz.
|
Dhai
|
1500-1600
|
Sh
|
St, Fl, Rt, Infl
|
Medicinal
(Bleed in pregnancy, bone fracture, burns, cancer, carbuncle, cholera,
cooling, cough, diarrhoea, dropsy, dysentery, fever, haemorrhage, injuries,
loss of appetite in pregnancy, mennorhoea, muscle pain, nausea, night
blindness, fever, rheumatism, skin disease, small pox, sores, spleen
complaints, sprain, tonic, ulcer wounds, veterinary sores); Edible
|
|
agnoliaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Michelia kisopa Buch.-Ham.
|
Chafa
|
1700-1800
|
T
|
Wd
|
Fuel;
Agricultural tools
|
|
Malvaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gossypium arboreum L.
|
Kapas
|
1600-1800
|
H
|
Fi
(Fiber)
|
Religious
|
|
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
|
Gurhal
|
1500-1900
|
H
|
Fl
|
Medicinal
(Kidney disease, Urine complaints); Religious
|
|
Malva verticillata L.
|
Chiroti
|
1700-2000
|
H
|
Sd,
Lf, Rt, Sh
|
Medicinal
(Cough, emollient pectoral complaints, piles, ulcer, urine complaints);
Edible
|
|
Melastomaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Osbeckia
stellata Buch.-
Ham. ex Don
|
Handisamba
|
1500-2000
|
Sh
|
Rt,
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Cough, digestion, dysentery, nose bleed, snake bite, wounds, stomachache,
toothache)
|
|
Meliaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Melia azedarach L.
|
Bakain
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
Fr,
Lf, Bk, Sh
|
Medicinal
(Anthelmintic, antiseptic, blood purification, hair fall, headache,
insecticidal, promote conception, rheumatism, gout, skin disease,
vermifuge, wounds); Edible
|
|
Toona ciliata Roem.
|
Toon
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
Bk,
Fr, Lf
|
Medicinal
(Antiseptic, dysentery, bronchitis, fever, gastric trouble); Fodder
|
|
T. serrata (Royle) Roem.
|
Dalla
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
St
|
Agricultural
tools
|
|
Menispermaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cissampelos pariera L.
|
-
|
1500-1600
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Stomachic, tonic, diuretic and antilithic, astringent, diarrhoea, dropsy,
urinary problem)
|
|
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers.
|
Ganjaroo
|
1500-1800
|
H
|
Tu,
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Asthma, body pain, headache, eye and skin diseases, tumor in stomach)
|
|
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.
|
Giloe,
Gurch
|
1500-1600
|
Sh
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Antipyretic, aphrodisiac, asthma, bone fracture, cough, debile, diarrhoea,
diphtheria, dysentery, fever, headache, stomachache, tooth ache); Edible
|
Mimosaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acacia
dealbata Link.
|
Acacia
|
1500-1800
|
T
|
Bk,
St
|
Timber;
Fuel; Tanning
|
|
Albizia
julibrissin Duraz
|
Siris
|
1700-2110
|
T
|
Lf
|
Medicinal
(Astringent, leprosy, piles, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea); Fodder; Timber
|
|
Moraceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ficus
nemoralis Wall.
ex Mir
|
Chil
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
Lf,
Fr
|
Edible;
Fodder; Fuel
|
|
F.
palmata Forsk.
|
Bedu
|
1500-2000
|
T
|
Fr,
La
|
Medicinal
(Dysentery, indigestion, laxative); Edible; Fodder
|
|
F.
religiosa L.
|
Pipal
|
1500-1800
|
T
|
Lf,
Fr, Px, Bk
|
Medicinal
(Abortifacient, asthma, blisters, boils, ulcer, carbuncle, cholera,
dysentery, fever, gonorrhoea, haematuria, laxative, rheumatism, scabies,
skin disease, small pox, snake bite, sores, sores in mouth, spermatorrhoea,
tonic, toothache, uninary complaints, whooping cough); Edible
|
|
F.
roxburghii Wall.
|
Timala
|
1500-2000
|
T
|
Lf,
Rt, Sh
|
Edible;
Fodder
|
|
F.
rumphii Bijdr.
|
Pilik
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
Fr
|
Edible;
Fodder
|
|
F.
scandens Lam.
|
Bedhuli
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
Morus
serrata Roxb.
|
Keemu
|
1500-2000
|
T
|
Fr,
Lf
|
Edible;
Fodder
|
|
Musaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Musa paradisiaca L.
|
Kela
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Fr,
WP
|
Edible;
Religious
|
|
Myricaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Myrica esculenta Buch.-
Ham. ex Don
|
Kaphal
|
1500-2200
|
T
|
Bk,
Fr
|
Medicinal
(Asthma, cholera, cough, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, indigestion, malaria
menorrhoea, rheumatism); Edible; Fuel
|
|
Myrsinaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Myrsine
africana L.
|
Darimkunji
|
1500-2200
|
Sh
|
AP
|
Medicinal
(Cathartic, colic pain, vermifuge); Broom making
|
|
Myrtaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Psidium guajava L.
|
Amrud
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
Fr
|
Edible
|
|
Syzygium
cuminii (L.)
Skeels
|
Jamun
|
1500-1600
|
T
|
Bk, Lf, St, Sd
|
Medicinal
(Anemia, astringent, blisters in mouth, cancer, colic, diabetes, diarrhoea,
digestion complaints, dysentery, piles, pimples, stomachache, tonic);
Edible
|
|
Oleaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fraxinus
micrantha L.
|
Angua
|
1500-2000
|
T
|
St
|
Agricultural
tool; Fuel
|
|
Jasminum
dispermum Wall.
|
Chameli
|
1500-1800
|
Sh
|
Lf
|
Fodder
|
|
J. grandiflorum L.
|
|
1600-1800
|
Sh
|
Lf,
Fl
|
Fodder,
Essential oil
|
|
J.
humile L.
|
Sungli
|
1500-2000
|
Sh
|
Rt,
Bk
|
Medicinal
(Skin disorder, sinus)
|
|
Orchidaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Habenaria
edgeworthii Hk.f. ex Collett
|
-
|
1800-2100
|
H
|
Tu
|
Medicinal
(Blood purifier, rejuvenator)
|
|
H.
intermedia Don
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
Tu
|
Medicinal
(Tonic); Edible
|
|
Malaxis
acuminata Don
|
Lasania
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Lf,
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Tonic)
|
|
M.
cylindrostachya (Lindl.) O.Ktze
|
-
|
1500-2000
|
H
|
Pseudo
bulb
|
Medicinal
(Tonic)
|
|
Satyrium
nepalense Don
|
-
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
Rt
|
Medicinal
(Malaria, dysentery and tonic)
|
|
Oxalidaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oxalis corniculata L.
|
Kahtta-mitha
|
1500-2200
|
H
|
WP
|
Medicinal
(Appetite, cooling, corn, cough, cuts, diarrhoea, digestive, dysentery,
epilepsy, eye complaints, fever, insect bite, jaundice, refrigerant,
scurvy, skin disease, snake bite, stomachache, swelling, wart); Edible
|
|
Parnassiaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle
|
Nibris
|
1800-2200
|
H
|
Tu
|
Medicinal
(Food poisoning, snakebite)
|
|
Plantaginaceae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Plantago himalaica Pingler
|
Isabgol
|
1600-2200
|
H
|
Sd
|
Medicinal
(Catarrhoea, gonorrhoea, nephritic, dysentery, diarrhoea, chronic
diarrhoea, fever, rheumatism, gouty swelling, cough, cold)
|
|
P. lanceolata L.
|
Isabgol
|
1600-2200
|
H
|
Lf
|
| |