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Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 13: 399-412 , 2009. Medicinal Orchids - An Overview Amritpal Singh* and Sanjiv Duggal Dept of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, *Address for
correspondence : 2101, Ph 7, Mohali-160062 Email:amritpal2101@yahoo.com Issued Abstract Orchids are largest and most diverse group among
angiosperms. They are cultivated for beautiful flowers. They are widely known
their economic importance but less for medicinal value. Some plants like Dendrobium crumenative,
Eulophia campestris,
Orchis latifolia,
Vanda roxburghii
and Vanda tessellata
have been documented for their medicinal value.. Phytochemically some orchids have been reported to
contain alkaloids, triterpenoids, flavonoids and stilbenoids. Ashtavarga (group of eight medicinal plants) is vital
part of Ayurvedic formulations like Chyvanprasha and four plants viz,
Riddhi, Vriddhi, Jivaka and Rishbhaka have been
discussed as possible members of family Orchidaceae.
Recently there has been tremendous progress in medicinal plants research;
however orchids have not been exploited fully for their medicinal
application. The article reviews medicinally important orchids along with
recent pharmacological investigations. Key words: Orchids, Orchidaceae, Medicinal Plants, Ayurveda Introduction Orchidaceae is one of the largest families among
angiosperms. According to one estimate the family includes 800 genera and
25,000 species ( 1 ). Orchids are well known for
there economic importance and widely cultivated for ornamental purposes.
Orchids are cosmopolitan in distribution. Vanilla planifolia
is commercially important orchid as it is source of vanillin used as a
foodstuff flavoring ( 2 ). Historical aspects The
term orchid was coined by Theophrastus as anatomy of the plants resemble with
testicles. Greek word orchid literally means testicles ( 1
). This may account for use of orchids
as aphrodisiacs in ancient civilizations. When we study the history of
ancient alternative systems of medicine Ayurveda
and Traditional Chinese Medicine (
Traditional Chinese medicine widely utilizes orchids in medicines. A
few of them have been subjected to phytochemical
and pharmacological studies ( 3). In Asthavarga is important ingredient of various classical Ayurvedic formulations like Chavyanprasa
(4). Out of eight constituents of Ashtavarga, four have been reported to be orchids (Table
1.). Table 1 shows eight medicinal plants used in Ashtavarga, composite Ayurvedic
formulation. The plants marked with stars have been reported to be orchids. Table 1. Medicinal plants used in Ashtavarga
Many medicinal orchids are reported to contain alkaloids. Antimicrobial activities of some orchids have been suggested although detailed investigations are still warranted. (7) Recent works have reported isolation of anthocyanins, stilebnoids and triterpenoids from orchids. Orchinol, hircinol, cypripedin, jibantine, nidemin and loroglossin are some important phytochemicals reported from orchids. Some of the phytochemicals isolated from orchids along with biological source have been tabulated in Table 2. Table 2. Important phytochemicals isolated from orchids.
Materia Medica of medicinally important orchids Aerides crispum Lindl. Origin: India. Phytochemistry: Phenanthropyran: aeridin. (8) Part used: Tubers. Aerides multiflorum Roxb. Syn: Aerides affine Lindl. Distribution:
Part used: Tubers. Pre-clinical
studies: Antibacterial (16). Agrostophyllum brevipes Ridley Distribution:
E. Himalaya to Indo-China. Phytochemistry: Triterpenoids: agrostophyllinol
and agrostophyllinone. (9). Part used: Tubers. Agrostophyllum callosum Rchb. f Distribution:
Botany: Agrostophyllum callosum
is 30-60 or higher plant. Stalks are creeping rhizomes. Rhizome 3-4 mm
and stem erect. Leaves 8-13 cm wide and inflorescence 1-2 cm in diameter with
short pedicles. Flowers pink or white colored. (10) Phytochemistry: Triterpenoids: agrostophyllinone
and isoagrostophyllol, stilbenoids:
orchinol, 6-methoxycoelonin, imbricatin,
flaccidin, oxoflaccidin, isooxoflaccidin, flaccidinin, agrostophyllin, callosin, callosinin, callosumin, callosuminin and callosumidin.
(11, 17) Part used: Tubers. Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata Distribution:
Botany: Agrostophyllum callosum
is 30-60 or higher plant. Stalks are creeping rhizomes. Rhizome 3-4 mm
and stem erect. Leaves 8-13 cm wide and inflorescence 1-2 cm in diameter with
short pedicles. Flowers pink or white colored ( 3 ). Phytochemistry: Glycoside:
kinsenoside (12) and polysaccharide (13). Part used: Tubers. Action: Anticancer. Therapeutics:
Hepatitis, hypertension and cancer. (Stuart, 1984; 11) Pre-clinical
studies: Antioxidant (14, 15), antihperglycemic
(15), hepatoprotective: kinsenoside
(12, 14) and immuno-modulating: polysaccharide (13) Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. Syn: Arundina bambusifolia Lindl., Cymbidium bambusifolium Roxb. Common
name: Bamboo Orchid. Distribution:
Himalayas of Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, southern
China, Japan, Taiwan and south to Malaya and Java ( 3 ). Botany:
Arundina graminifolia
is a large terrestrial plant with erect stems that are 1.5-2.5 cm tall and up
to 1.5 cm in diameter. The leaves are borne in two ranks and are narrowly
oblong and grass-like, 12-30 cm long and 1.6-2.5 cm. The simple, terminal
inflorescence may be branched and is 15-30 cm long. The large cattleya-like flowers are purple-red, flesh-coloured or white and are up to 10 cm across. The lip is
darker than the sepals and petals, often veined darker purple and has a
yellow to orange-yellow patch at the base. The short-lived, scented flowers
last for about 3 days and there are usually several open at a time. (18) Phytochemistry: Benzyldihydrophenanthrene: arundinaol,
stilbenoid: arundinan and
phenanthrene constituents. (18, 19, 20) Part used: Rhizome. Pre-clinical
studies: Antibacterial. Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. Syn: Bletilla hyacinthine (Sm.) R.Br. Common
name: Hyacinthina orchid, urn orchid. Distribution: Botany: Bletilla striata
is a deciduous terrestrial orchid. The tuberous rhizomes give way to up to 60
cm papery, thin leaves. Light green leaves are plicate and are about 7.5 cm
wide (22). Phytochemistry: Polysaccharide (23). Parts used:
Pseudo bulbs. Actions: Antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, demulcent,
pectoral, skin, styptic and vulnerary. Therapeutics:
Internal hemorrhage. Human
study: Vascular emboli zing agent in interventional treatment of
primary hepatic carcinoma (24). Cypripedium
calceolus pubescens (Willd.) Correll Syn: Cypripedium
pubescens Willd., Cypripedium parviflorum pubescens (Willd.) Knight. Common
name: Lady’s Slipper orchid. Distribution: Botany:
Plants erect, 70–700 cm. Flowers: sepals greenish or yellowish (often
obscured by darker markings); dorsal sepal suborbiculate
or ovate to ovate-lance-acuminate, 19–80 × 7–40 mm; lateral sepals connate; synsepal 11–80 × 5–34 mm; petals horizontal to strongly
descending, same color as sepals, commonly spirally twisted or undulate,
sometimes flat, linear-lanceolate to lance-ovate or
oblong, 24–97 × 3–12 mm; lip rather pale to deep yellow, very rarely white,
rarely with reddish spots or suffusion on adaxial
external surface, 15–54 mm; orifice basal; staminode
cordiform-ovoid, deltoid, lance-ovoid, or
ovoid-oblong (7). Parts used:
Roots. Phytochemistry: The
active constituents are soluble in alcoholic extract of the plant is known as
cyprepedin. The plant is reported to contain 1-4 phenanthrenequinone known as cypripedin
(7, 25). Actions:
Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, hypnotic, nervine,
sedative, tonic. The plant is used as substitute for Valeriana
officinalis L. although it is inferior (25). Therapeutics:
Diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, paralysis, convalescence, impotence and
malnutrition. (21, 25) Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo. Syn: Orchis latifolia L. Common
name: Salampanja, Marsh orchis,
salep orchid. Ayurvedic name: Munjataka. Distribution:
Botany: Dactylorhiza hatagirea
is a terrestrial orchid with fleshy tuberous roots. Tubers are slightly
flattened, palmately lobed. Stem is usually 30-50
cm tall, leafy and with few sheathing scales in the lower portion. Leaves are
erect, oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm long, obtuse and
with a sheathing base. Flowers are pink-purple, crowded in terminal, spicate racemes (26). Parts used:
Roots. Phytochemistry: Mucilage,
starch, glucoside: loroglossin,
albumen, volatile oil and ash (25). Five new compounds known as dactylorhins A-E and two natural compounds known as dactyloses A-B have been reported from plant growing in Actions:
Aphrodisiac, expectorant and nervine tonic (25). Therapeutics:
Diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, paralysis, convalescence, impotence and
malnutrition. Dendrobium
macraei Auct Syn: Ephemerantha macraei
(Lindl.) Hunt et Sunmeh, Flickingeria nodosa (Dalz.) Seiden f. Ayurvedic name:
Jivanti (6), Jeva jevaniya, saka shreshtha, yasasvini, jiva bhadra (25). Distribution:
Botany: An
air plant, growing on jabmul tree, much branching, stems long, pendulous and
knotty, with many oblong pseuo bulbs, leaf one, red
sessile and long. Flowers white, with a yellow lip 3 or 4 inches in diameter
and fragrant. Parts used:
Tubers. Phytochemistry: α and
β jibantic acid and alkaloid: jebantine (25). Actions:
Tonic. Therapeutics:
General debility. Dendrobium
nobile Lindl. Syn: Dendrobium lindleyanum, Dendrobium coerulescens Distribution:
Phytochemistry: mucilage, alkaloid: dendrobine
(25), 1-4: phenanthrenequinone: denbinobine.
Recently gigantol has been reported from methanolic extract of the plant growing in Actions:
Antiphlogistic, pectoral, sialogogue,
stomachic and tonic (Stewart and Griffiths, 1995). Therapeutics:
In Pre-clinical
studies: Anti-mutagenic (28). Eulophia nuda Lindl. Syn: Eulophia dabia (D.Don) Hochr Common
name: Whitton root, Salep. Ayurvedic name: Mankand. Distribution:
Botany: The
tubers, conical, surrounded with circular marks. The remains of leaflets,
yellowish white or of a green colour. Parts used:
Tubers. Phytochemistry: Phenanthrenes: chief is nudol
(31, 32). Actions: Demulcent and anthemnintic. Therapeutics: Worm infestation and scrofula. Eulophia campestris Wall. Ex Stapf Syn: Eulophia dabia (D.Don) Hochr Distribution:
Botany: The
tubers, conical, surrounded with circular marks. The remains of leaflets,
yellowish white or of a green colour. Parts used:
Tubers. Phytochemistry: Mucilage
(25). Actions: Demulcent and anthemnintic. Therapeutics: Worm infestation and scrofula. Habenaria edgeworthii Hook.f. ex Collett. Syn: Habenaria acuminata Lindl. syn Platanthera edgeworthii (Hook.f. ex Collett)
R.K. Gupta) Ayurvedic names: Riddhi, Laksmi, Mangala, Rathanga, Risisrista,
Saravajanpriya, Siddhi, Sukha, Vasu and Yuga (34). Distribution:
Botany: Stem:
30 to 60 cm. high, leafy, stout. Leaves-Ovate, oblong-lanceolate,
4-10 cm long acute, acuminate thick, upper leaves gradually smaller, nerves
5-7, base sheathing. Flowering spike- 7cm to 25 cm long bearing many flowers.
Flowers- Yellow-green 1 to 1.5 cm across with lanceolate
acute bracts , the lower shorter, the upper longer; than the ovary sepals
green, pubescent, the margins slightly fringed; petals yellow thick, erect;
lip yellow longer than the sepals concave narrowing to a long strap shaped
limb, spur about twice the length of ovary, yellowish-green curving upwards
with tip curved down (26). Ayurvedic dynamics:
Sweet in taste and pacifies vata and pitta but aggravates kapha. Actions:
Cooling and spermopiotic. Therapeutics:
Diseases of the blood (26). Parts used:
Leaves and roots (35). Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa DC. (26). Habenaria intermedia D.Don Syn: Habenaria arietina
H.f. English name: Wild orchid. Ayurvedic names: Riddhi, Laksmi, Mangala, Rathanga, Risisrista,
Saravajanpriya, Siddhi, Sukha, Vasu and Yuga (34, 35, 36). Distribution:
Botany: Erect,
25-60 cm high, terete, robust leafy. Leaves-
Scattered usually 5, nerved ovate-lanceolate
acuminate, cordate at the base. Inflorescence: 2-6
flowered. Flowers: 5 cm across white or greenish-white few, distant. Bracts
leaf like lanceolate, acuminate, equal or more than
ovary. Sepals persistent, 20-25 mm long, green,
spreading tips reflexed, upper one white inside.
Petals white, 5-nerved. Lip 3–lobed, longer than sepals, green spur 5-6 cm stout,
longer than ovary more or less curved. Side lobes deeply fringed (25). Ayurvedic dynamics:
Sweet in taste and pacifies vata and pitta but aggravates kapha
(34). Actions:
Cooling and spermopiotic (34, 35). Therapeutics:
Diseases of the blood (34). Parts used:
Leaves and roots. Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa DC. (26). Habenaria pectinata D.Don Distribution:
Common
name: Safed musli. Therapeutics:
The leaves are crushed and applied in snake bites. Tubers mixed with
condiments are used in arthritis (26). Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze Ayurvedic names: Jivaka, Chiranjivi, Dirghayu, Harsanga, Ksveda, Kurchasira, Pranda, Sringaka and Svadu (34, 35). Distribution:
Botany: Microstylis muscifera is a terrestrial, robust
herb, up to 25 cm high. Stem tending to be psuedobulbous
at base. Leaves –usually 3 may be more, 5-10 cm ovate-lanceolate,
acute with prominent veins and light green. Flowers- shortly stalked about 10
mm in diameter, yellowish-green with purple centre. Sepals
oblong, 2 lateral rather shorter than the dorsal, margins recurved.
Petals linear longer than sepals, margin recurved.
Lip-slightly convex, tip notched or bilobulate,
auricles straight and slightly over lapping (26). Phytochemistry: No information. Ayurvedic dynamics:
Sweet in taste, cold in potency, pacifies vāta
and aggravates kapha (33). Actions:
Cooling, febrifuge and spermopiotic (34). Therapeutics:
Bleeding diathesis, burning sensation, fever and phthisis (34,35). Part used:
Bulb (35). Substitute:
Pueraria tuberosa
DC. (26). Malaxis acuminta D.Don Syn. Microstylis wallichii
Lindl.,
Malaxis wallichii
Deb. Ayurvedic names: Rishbhaka, Bandhura, Dhira, Durdhara, Gopati, Indraksa, Kakuda, Matrika, Visani, Vrisa and Vrisnabha (34). Distribution:
Botany: Stem-
3 to 25 cm high with ovoid pseudo bulbs. Leaves- One or two (unequal) 3-10 x 2-4 cm sessile, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate obtuse, narrowed at base to
sheathing petiole. Infloresence-10 to 25 cm long. Flowers- 3-4 mm long,
pale-yellow-green, bracts lanceolate shorter than
ovary sepals broadly lanceolate. Petals liner
shorter than sepals. Lip ovate abruptly pointed, margins thickened. Flowering
time- July-August. Tuber- round, shining bearing stem giving shape bullock
horn having a similar curvature. The taste is slightly bitter with fat like
substance (26, 37). Phytochemistry: No information. Ayurvedic dynamics:
Sweet in taste, cold in potency, pacifies vata
and aggravates kapha (36). Actions:
Cooling, febrifuge and spermopiotic (35). Therapeutics:
Bleeding diathesis, burning sensation, fever and phthisis ([34, 38). Part used:
Pseudo bulb (26, 36). Substitute:
Pueraria tuberosa
DC (26). Orchis laxiflora Lam. Syn: Orchis ensifolia Vill. Common
name: Oriental Salep, Marsh Orchis. Distribution: Botany: Orchis laxiflora is a terrestrial orchid with fleshy
tuberous roots. Tubers are slightly flattened. Stem contains sheathing scales
in the lower portion. Leaves are erect and oblong-lanceolate.
Flowers are dark-purple in spicate racemes ( 1 ; 25). Phytochemistry: Mucilage. Actions: Astringent
and expectorant. Therapeutics:
Diarrhea, bronchitis and convalescence (25). Part used:
Bulb. Vanda spathulata (L.) Spreng. Distribution:
Peninsular Therapeutics:
Powdered flowers are used in the treatment of consumption, asthma and mania
(25). Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. Ex Don Syn: Vanda roxburghii
R.Br. Common
name: Vanda. Ayurvedic names: Atirasa and Rasna (6). Distribution:
Botany: Vanda tessellata
is an epiphytic orchid, 30-60 cm high, with leafy stem. Leaves are thickly coriaceous, recurved, plicate, obtuse keeled. Flowers are greenish yellow, mottled with
brown on the mid lobe of lip with purple caruncles
(26). Phytochemistry: Alkaloid,
glucoside, bitter principle, tannins, resin, saponin, sitosterols and colouring matter (40). A glycoside (melianin)
and a complex withanolide have been reported from
plant growing in Actions: Aphrodisiac,
analgesic and nervine tonic (26, 35, 37). Therapeutics:
Paste of leaves is used as application in fevers. It is ingredient of Rasna Panchaka Quatha, Ayurvedic formulation used in the treatment of arthritis
and rheumatism. Expressed juice of the leaves is sued in the treatment of otitis media.The root is used
as antidote against scorpion sting and remedy for bronchitis (26). Parts used:
Whole plant. Pre-clinical
studies: Aphrodisiac (41), anti-inflammatory (42), anti-arthritic
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