Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 156-163.
2008.
Antifungal
Effect of Leaf Extract of Some Medicinal Plants Against Fusarium oxysporum
Causing Wilt Disease of Solanum melogena L. 1Centre for Biodiversity
& Forest Studies Madurai
Kamaraj University, Madurai-625021 E-mail:
nsivamku@yahoo.com 2Centre for research and PG
Department of Botany Thiagarajar
College (Autonomous) Madurai
- 625009, TamilNadu, India *Author for correspondence Received Abstract The antifungal effect of crude medicinal plant extracts of 20 plants
species was determined by in vitro study using water, ethanol and
acetone as a solvent following poisoned food technique. It was found that all
the plant extracts at 50% concentration were effective in reducing the
mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp. Melongenae Mauto and Ishigami. Among the 20 plant extracts, in
different solvents, higher inhibition was noticed in 4 plants extracts namely
Adhatoda vasica, Jatropha curcas,
Sapindus emarginatus and Vitex
negundo. These plants were
selected further for different concentrations of 10%, 20% 30% and 40%. Among
them Adhatoda vasica at 40% alone
recorded 100% inhibition and remaining three plants produced almost similar
inhibitory effect. At the low concentration of 10% Vitex negundo had more inhibitory effect (82%), while Jatropha curcas extracts showed very
low inhibition (25%). There were not many differences in the inhibition
between the extract of Adhatoda vasica
and Sapindus emarginatus. In
vivo pot culture experiment employing water extract of six plant species
showed an increase in the root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight of
root and shoot with the consequent reduction in the disease symptoms of the
egg plant. Key words: Antifungal effect, Fusarium oxysporum, egg plant, medicinal plants. Introduction
Brinjal
plant (Solanum melongena L.) is
affected by various diseases, which in turn produce heavy loss to the crop.
The diseases include wilt, blight, little leaf, etc. Among them wilting of
egg plants is one of the important diseases causing great reduction in the
field. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum
causes wilt. The main symptoms of the disease induce wilting of seedling and
adult plants. The plant infected with the fungus that produces wilt have older leaves that droop and afterwards turn yellow. Leaf yellowing can occur on one side of the plant and gradually most leaves form yellow and wilt. In order to prevent the plant diseases and to protect the crop plants against pathogens chemical control methods were in practice. In view of the high cost of chemical pesticides and their hazardous consequence use of biodegradable different material like fresh plant extracts from parts gained importance during last three decades from plant disease control (Fowcett and Spenser, 1970; Mitra et al., 1984; Grainge and Ahamed, 1988; Jespers and Ward, 1993). Several workers studied the control of Fusarium species on various plants extract (Furgal wegrazyeke, (1984); El.Shami et al., (1986); Reddy and Reddy, (1989); Eswaramoorthy et al.,(1989) Patel (1989); So(1990); Tariq and Magee(1990); Pandey et al.,(1992); Gohil and Vala (1996); Gour and Sharmaik, (1998); Bansal and Gupta, (2000). The present study is conducted in order to find out the effect of selected plant extracts on Fusarium oxysporum f .sp. melongenae Matuo and Ishigami causing wilt disease in Brinjal. Methodology
The
pathogen Fusarium oxysporum was isolated from wilt symptom
showing on Brinjal plant roots as described by Chatterjee and Rai (1974) and
maintained on PDA medium (Potato Dextrose Agar medium). The common and
locally available medicinal plants were selected for screening of antifungal
activity. The known quantity of collected plant materials was surface
sterilized with 0.1% Mercuric chloride and repeatedly washed in sterile
distilled water. Then the plant materials were cut in to small pieces and
oven dried at 45ºC and pulverized to obtain dry powder. An extract of each
plant was individually prepared using sterile water, Acetone and Ethanol (1:2
w/v). Their different solvent extracts were considered as standard plant
extracts (50%) and used for antifungal activity. The toxicity of the crude plant extract
was determined against the pathogen following the poisoned food technique
(Mishear and Tiwari, 1992). The percent inhibition of mycelial growth over
control was calculated using the formula: % Of inhibition = 1- Diameter
of treated colony
Diameter of control colony Further In
vivo antifungal activity of plant extracts was studied by pot culture
method as described by Dubey, (1998).
Results and Discussion In total, 20 plant
extracts were analyzed using in vitro study. Among 20 plants, 19 were
prepared from fresh leaves and one from a succulent stem. The details
regarding the name of the plants, family, vernacular name and parts used are
enumerated in Table 1. Among
The 20 plants extracts using different solvents (Water, Ethanol and Acetone)
that were examined for antifungal activity against Fusarium species, it was found that all the plant extracts at 50%
concentration were effective in reducing the mycelial growth. Among the 20
plant extracts in different solvents 100%, inhibition was noticed only in 3
plants extracts namely viz. Adhatoda
vasica, Jatropha curcus and Sapindus
emarginatus . Water Extract Method Other plant extracts
in the order of degree of inhibition were leaf extract of Azima tetracantha and Vitex negundo producing 97% inhibition followed by Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum (96%) and Santalum album (92%). The leaf extract
of Datura metal alone revealed minimum
inhibition of 60%. The following 2
plants were less effective showing the inhibition of 64% for Leucas aspera and 66% for Cissus quandrangularis. The following
four plants – Cadaba indica, Crataeva
religiosa, Notonia grandiflora and
Ricinus communis recorded 84%
inhibition. The remaining five plants showed the range of 78-82% inhibition (Table 2). Ethanol Extract Method The leaf extract of
Ricinus communis showed minimum
inhibition of 72% followed by 74% in Datura
metal and Leucas aspera. Seven
plants recorded 82-86% inhibition. Only very slight variation was found in
the percentage of inhibition among Azadirachta
indica, Cadaba indica , Ocimum sanctum and Vitex negundo (Table 2). Coleus aromaticus and Santalum album extract produced 94% inhibition
followed by Crataeva religiosa
(92%). Acetone Extract Method Azadirachta indica extract recorded
98% inhibition followed by Ocimum
sanctum (96%), Vitex negundo (94%),
Aloe vera (92%), Santalum album (89%) and Ricinus communis (86%). Nine plant
extracts revealed the range of 78-84% inhibition (Table 2). The rate of inhibition was nearly same in two plant
extracts (Cissus quandrangularis and Datura metal). Effect of Different Concentrations of Selected Plant
Extracts (Water Extract Method) on Fusarium
Species Plant
extracts that produced high percentage of inhibition in different solvents,
viz.. leaf extracts of Adhatoda vasica,
Jatropha curcas, Sapindus emarginatus
and Vitex negundo, were selected. These four extracts were
tested further using different concentrations of 10% 20% 30% and 40%. The
results are presented in Table 3. The
water extract of Adhatoda vasica at
40% alone recorded 100% inhibition and the remaining three plants produced
almost similar inhibitory effect. Only very slight veriation in the rate of
inhibition was observed at 30% and 20% concentration in different plant
extracts except Jatropha curcas (Table 3). The percentage of
inhibition was high at 10% conc. in Vitex
negundo (82%) while Jatropha curcas
extract showed very low inhibtion (25%). There was not much difference in
the inhibition between the extract of Adhatoda
vasica and Sapindus emarginatus. Among
the different concentrations of four plant extracts (10-40%) employed in the
present study, all the different plant extract concentrations gave above 70%
inhibition except Jatropha curcas at
10% concentration, thereby proving that the extracts at low concentrations
were equally effective in arresting the growth of the pathogen. Effect of Plant Extract on Root
Length in Brinjal Plants
The root length was
more (6.8cm) in Adhatoda vasica, Sapindus emarginatus and Azadirachta
indica extract treated plants. Jatropha
curcas and Ocimum sanctum treated
plants recorded same root length. There was variation found in the control
and Vitex negundo treated plants.
Very low root length (3.6 cm) was observed in Fusarium alone treated plants. Effect of Plant
Extract on Shoot Length
The shoot length
was high measuring 25.4 cm in Jatropha
curcas treated plants. Three plant extracts, viz. Sapindus emarginatus, Vitex negundo and Ocimum sanctum, showed nearly the same range of length. Less than
1 cm difference was noticed between Adhatoda
vasica and Azadirachta indica
treated plants. The plants without any treatment showed 21.6 cm where as Fusarium alone treated plants recorded
9 cm. Effect of Plant Extracts on Fresh
and Dry Weight of Root
Sapindus emarginatus treated plants
showed maximum fresh and dry weight. The fresh weight was more in Jatropha curcas followed by Ocimum sanctum, Adhatoda vasica Vitex negundo and
Azadirachta indica. Vitex negundo treated plants recorded more dry
weight followed by Jatropha curcas, Azadirachta indica, Adhatoda vasica and Ocimum sanctum. In the control and Fusarium alone treated plants less fresh and dry weight was
observed. Effect of Plant Extracts on Fresh
and Dry Weight of Shoot
The plants treated
with Sapindus emarginatus extract
showed maximum fresh and dry weight for shoot. The fresh weight was more in Azadirachta indica and Jatropha curcas. Less variation was
observed in the fresh weight among Ocimum
sanctum, Vitex negundo and Adhatoda vasica treated plants. Vitex negundo and Azadirachta indica treated plants recorded more dry weight. Dry
weight was same in Ocimum sanctum, Jatropha curcas and Adhatoda vasica treated plants. Low
fresh and dry weight was observed in control and Fusarium alone treated plants. The effect of plant extracts of different parts of plants on various species of Fusarium were studied extensively by different workers employing different angiospermic plant species. Mycelial growth of
various species of Fusarium was inhibited by the plant extracts of Convolvulus alsinoides and C. Pluricutis (Furgal wegrazyeka, 1984); Allium cepa (El. Sharmi et al., 1986) Adhatoda vasica, Azadirachta
indica, Cinnamomum camphora and Ocimum
sanctum (Prasad and Ojha, 1986); Agave americana, Cassia nodosa (Reddy and Reddy, 1987); Azadirachta indica
(Eswaramoorthy et al; 1989); Allium cepa (Patel,
1989); Avicennia marina, Aegiceras
corculatum, Kandelia candel, Excoecaria agallocha and Acanthus ilicifolius (So, 1990); Agave americana
(Pandey et al 1992); Allium sativum
and Sapindus trifoliata (Gohil and Vala, 1996);
Neem seed extract (Gour and Sharmaik,
1998); Azadirachta indica, Atropha
belladona, Calotropis procera, Ocimum basilicum, Eucalyptus amygdalina,
Ailanthus excelsa and Lantana
camera (Bansal and Gupta, 2000). In accordance with the above reports,
in the present study, 100% inhibition of mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Melongenae Matuo
and Ishigami by water, ethanol and
acetone leaf extracts of Adhatoda
vasica, Jatropha curcas and Sapindus
emarginatus and 60% to 98% of mycelial growth inhibition were recorded in
the plant extracts of 17 different species of angiosperms (Table 2). Conclusion The
differences in the inhibitory effect of various plant extracts may be due to
qualitative and quantitative differences in the antifungal principles /
compounds present in them. This was also confirmed by invivo pot
culture experiment employing water extract of Adhatoda vasica, Jatropha curcas, Sapindus emarginatus and Vitex negundo where there
was an increase in the shoot / root length and fresh and dry weight of shoot
/ root with the consequent reduction in the disease symptoms of the egg
plant. It is presumed that quantitatively and qualitatively the antifungal
compounds were found to be in higher degree so the extracts of the above
plants may be utilized as phytofungicide to control the pathogenic fungi on
various economically important crop plants.
Table 1.
List of plants
used in present work.
Table
2. Effect of plant extracts in different solvents at 50% concentration
on growth of Fusarium.
Table 3. Effect of different concentrations of selected
plant extracts using water extract method on Fusarium species.
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