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Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 14: 344-60, 2010. Antimicrobial
Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Syzygium aromaticum
and Allium sativum Against
Food Associated Bacteria and Fungi Ram Kumar Pundir1*,
Pranay Jain2 and Chetan
Sharma3 1Lecturer
in Biotechnology, Kurukshetra Institute of
Technology and Management, Bhor Siadan,
Kurukshetra-136119, 2Lecturer
in Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, 3Research
Scholar, Department of Microbiology, *Corresponding author E.mail:
ramkumar_pundir@rediffmail.com Issued: March 01, 2010 Abstract The successful control of food spoilage microorganisms
require the use of indigenous antimicrobials in foods including certain
botanical compounds that have been historically used for flavour
enhancement as well as preservation. The present study was designed to
evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial
activity of ethanolic extracts of Syzygium aromaticum (clove)
and Allium sativum (garlic)
against Gram-positive and Gram-negative food associated bacteria (Bacillus subtilis,
B. megaterium, B. polymyxa,
B. sphaericus, Staphylococcus aureus
and Escherichia coli) and molds
(Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus flavus, A. luchuensis, Rhizopus stolonifer, Scopulariopsis sp. and Mucor sp.) assayed by agar
well diffusion method and poisoned food technique, respectively. Clove
extract showed better antimicrobial activity than the garlic extract. The
zone of inhibition in clove ethanolic extract
against all the food associated bacteria was in the range of 25mm to 32mm and
in molds the percent mycelial growth inhibition
ranged from 70% to 100%. The growth inhibition zone in garlic ethanolic extract against bacteria was in the range of
20mm to 31mm and in molds the percent mycelial
growth inhibition ranged between 20% and 50%. The clove ethanolic
extract exhibited the maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli whereas garlic ethanolic
extract showed maximum activity against B.
subtilis. Both the extracts exhibited maximum
percent mycelial growth inhibition against R. stolonifer.
However garlic extract was not effective against P. oxalicum. The MIC values of clove ethanolic extract for different bacterial isolates ranged
from 5.0mg/ml to 20mg/ml and 10 mg/ml to 20mg/ml against molds. The MIC
values of garlic ethanolic extract for different
bacterial and fungal isolates ranged from 10 mg/ml to 20mg/ml. The value of
MBC and MFC equaled the MIC. Based on this finding, it may be suggested that
these extracts may be used as natural antimicrobial additives to reclaim the
shelf-life of foods. Key words:
Antimicrobial activity, food associated microorganisms, clove, garlic, MIC. Introduction Prevention of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in food is usually
achieved by using chemical preservatives but they are responsible for many
carcinogenic and teratogenic attributes as well as
residual toxicity and with growing concern of microbial resistance towards
conventional preservatives, consumers tend to be suspicious of chemical
additives and thus the exploration of naturally occurring antimicrobial for
food preservations receives increasing attention (Nychas,
1995). Many
plant derived products such as spices, fruit preparations, vegetable
preparations or extracts have been used for centuries for the preservation
and extension of the shelf life of foods (Chattopadhyay
and Bhattacharyya, 2007). Spices have been defined as plant substances from indigenous or exotic
origin, aromatic or with strong taste, used to enhance the taste of foods.
Spices include leaves (coriander, mint), buds (clove), bulbs (garlic, onion),
fruits (red chilli, black pepper), stem (cinnamon),
rhizomes (ginger) and other plant parts (Shelef,
1983, Arora and Kaur,
1999). Garlic (Allium sativum) is
a common spice used for flavouring and has been
traditionally popular with strong folkloric awareness. It is the edible bulb
of lily family, Liliaceae.
It contains aromatic sulphur based compounds, which
contribute to the characterstics odour and taste. Antimicrobial activity of garlic is attributed
to its key component allicin, which is a volatile
molecule, gives garlic its characterstic odour. Allicin is unstable;
once it is generated it readily decomposes to produce diallyl
sulphide, dialyl
disulphide, diallyl trisulphide,
allyl methyl trisulphide,
dithiins and ajoene (Jabar and Al-Mossawi, 2007). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) constitutes one of the major spices. Cloves are dried unopened floral buds of an evergreen tree, Syzygium aromaticum belonging to the family Myrtaceae (Shyamala et al., 2003). Clove is used as flavouring agent and as spice for scenting, chewing tobacco. It is aromatic, stimulant & carminative, used for dyspepsia and gastric irritations. Clove buds and their essential oils have been known to possess various antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (Fu et al., 2007). GC-MS analysis of the clove oil extract has shown eugenol acetate, eugenol and caryo-phyllene as the major constituents, the latter two are known to possess antibacterial and antifungal properties (Nassar et al., 2007; Ayoola et al., 2008). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts of clove and garlic against six food-associated bacteria and six fungi. Materials and Methods Collection of plants Two fresh plant parts including bud of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and bulb of garlic (Allium sativum) were collected from localities of Kurukshetra, Haryana and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against six food-associated bacteria and six fungi. Test microorganisms and
standardization of inoculum The test bacteria namely
Bacillus subtilis,
B. megaterium, B. sphaericus,
B. polymyxa, Staphylococcus aureus
and Escherichia coli and fungi
Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus flavus, A. luchuensis, Rhizopus stolonifer, Scopulariopsis sp.,
and Mucor sp. were isolated from bakery
products such as breads, cakes, pastries, patties and buns collected from
local market of Kurukshetra, Haryana, India. The
density of six food-associated bacteria was adjusted equal to that of the 0.5
McFarland standard (1.5 x 108 CFU/ml) by adding sterile distilled
water. McFarland standards are used as a reference to adjust the turbidity of
microbial suspension so that the number of microorganisms will be within a
given range. For the preparation of the 0.5 McFarland standard, 0.05ml of barium chloride (BaCl2)
(1.17% w/v BaCl2.2H2O) was added to 9.95 ml of 0.18M H2SO4
(1.0% w/v) with constant stirring. The McFarland standard tube was tightly
sealed to prevent loss by evaporation and stored for up to 6 months. To aid
comparison the test and standard were compared against a white background
with a contrasting black line (Andrews, 2001). The stock suspensions of six
food-associated fungal isolates were standardized to 106spores/ml
by spectrophotometrically at 530nm and were
adjusted to 80% to 85% transmittance. The fungal inoculum
(106spores/ml) was also determined by plate count on PDA followed
by incubation at 250C for 7 days and observations made for visible
growth of fungi at regular interval during the incubation period (Florl et al.,
2003; Rasooli and Abyanek,
2004). Phytochemical extraction Drying For extraction, the freshly collected plant parts were thoroughly washed with tap water followed by sterile distilled water. The material was dried in an oven at 50°C for 48 hrs followed by grinding in to a fine powder (Lin and Lineback, 1990). Preparation of ethanolic
plant extracts An extract is a mixture of phytochemicals from any plant which is obtained by extraction of specific parts of the plant (Loew, 1997). Solvent, ethanol (95%) was used for the phytochemical extraction of various plant parts. For extraction with ethanol, 25 g of powdered plant material was dissolved in enough sterilized ethanol to make 100ml of ethanol extract (25% w/v). The mixture was kept undisturbed at room temperature for 24 hrs in a sterile flask covered with aluminum foil to avoid evaporation and subjected to filtration through sterilized Whatman no.1 filter paper. After filtration, the extract was evaporated in water bath until 25 ml extract was left in the container. Ethanolic extracts thus obtained were immediately evaluated for antibacterial using agar well diffusion method and antifungal activities using poisoned food technique (Chen et al., 1987, Barreto et al., 2002). Agar well diffusion method The antibacterial activity of two crude ethanolic extracts of clove and garlic plant parts against six food-associated bacteria was evaluated by using agar well diffusion method (Ahmad and Beg, 2001, Srinivasan et al., 2001). Plate count agar (PCA) plates were inoculated with 100µl of standardized inoculum (1.5x108 CFU/ml) of each selected bacterium (in triplicates) and spread with sterile swabs. Wells or cups of 8 mm size were made with sterile borer into agar plates containing the bacterial inoculum and the lower portion was sealed with a little molten agar medium. 100µl volume of the plant extract was poured into a well of inoculated plates. Chemical preservative, acetic acid was used as a positive control which was introduced into a well instead of plant extract. Solvent, ethanol was used as a negative control which was introduced into a well instead of plant extract. The plates thus prepared were left at room temperature for ten minutes allowing the diffusion of the extract into the agar (Rios et al., 1988). After incubation for 24 hrs at 37oC, the plates were observed. If antibacterial activity was present on the plates, it was indicated by an inhibition zone surrounding the well containing the plant extract. The zone of inhibition was measured and expressed in millimeters. Antibacterial activity was recorded if the zone of inhibition was greater than 8 mm (Hammer et al., 1999). The antibacterial activity results were expressed in term of the diameter of zone of inhibition and <9mm zone was considered as inactive; 9-12mm as partially active; while 13-18mm as active and >18mm as very active (Junior and Zanil, 2000). The mean and standard deviation of the diameter of inhibition zones were calculated. Poisoned food technique The antifungal activity of plant extracts was evaluated against food-associated fungi by using poisoned food technique. In poisoned food technique, all the six food-associated fungi were inoculated on Potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and incubated for 250C for 3 to 7 days, to obtain young, actively growing colonies of molds. 100µl of plant extract was mixed with 15ml of cooled (450C) molten PDA medium and allowed to solidify at room temperature for thirty minutes. A mycelial disc 6mm diameter, cut out from periphery of 3 to 7 day old cultures, was aseptically inoculated onto the agar plates containing the plant extract. PDA plates with 100µl of acetic acid were used as positive control. PDA plates with 100µl of ethanol were used as negative control (Georgii and Korting, 1991, McCutcheon et al., 1994). The inoculated plates were incubated at 250C and colony diameter was measured and recorded after 7 days. Percent mycelial growth inhibition was calculated as given below:
Mean dia. of fungal colony in control - mean dia. of fungal colony in plant extract % mycelial growth inhibition=
Mean diameter
of fungal colony in control Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of clove and garlic ethanolic extracts against food-associated bacteria The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is defined as the lowest
concentration of the antimicrobial agent that will inhibit the visible growth
of a microorganism after overnight incubation (Andrews, 2001, NCCLS, 2002, Thongson et al., 2004).
MIC and MBC of clove and garlic ethanolic extracts
were determined by macrodilution agar and broth
methods (Andrews, 2001, NCCLS, 2002). The MIC and MFC were determined
following the methodology of Florl et al.
(2003), Rasooli and Abyanek
(2004) and Irkin and Korukluoglu
(2007). Macrodilution
agar method In the macrodilution agar method, a two-fold serial dilution of the clove and garlic ethanolic extracts were prepared in sterile distilled water to achieve a decreasing concentration ranging from 160 to 1.25mg/ml in eight sterile tubes labeled 1 to 8. Sterile cork borer of 8.0mm diameter was used to bore well in the presolidified Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) plates and 100μl volume of each dilution was added aseptically into the wells made in MHA plates in triplicate that had food-associated bacteria seeded with the standardized inoculum (1.5 X 108 CFU/ml). 100μl ethanol introduced into the well in place of plant extract was used as control. All the test plates were incubated at 37°C and were observed for the growth after 24 hrs. The lowest concentration of an extract showing a clear zone of inhibition was considered as the MIC. Macrodilution broth method In the macrodilution broth method, a two-fold serial dilution of the clove and garlic ethanolic extracts were prepared in sterile Mueller-Hinton broth to achieve a decreasing concentration ranging from 160 to 1.25mg/ml in eight sterile tubes labeled 1 to 8. Each dilution was seeded with 100μl of the standardized bacterial inoculum (1.5 X 108CFU/ml). The inoculated culture tubes were incubated at 37°C for 18 to 24 hrs. A set of tubes containing only seeded broth (i.e. without plant extract) was kept as control. The lower concentration that did not permit any visible growth when compared with the control was considered as the MIC. The minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC)
is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that will prevent the
growth of an organism after subculture on to antibiotic-free media. To
determine the MBC, a
100μl aliquot from the tube showing MIC was placed on MHA plate
antibiotic free and was spread over the plate. After incubation at 370C
for 24hrs, the plates were examined for the growth of a bacterium to
determine the concentration of the extract at which 99.9% killing of food-associated bacterial isolates was
achieved. Minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of
clove and garlic ethanolic extracts against food-associated fungi Five ml of clove
and garlic ethanolic extracts at different
concentrations i.e. from 160 to 1.25mg/ml were taken in to the sterile empty tubes and 1 ml of
standardized fungal inoculum (106spores/ml)
was added into the extracts and mixed. The stock suspensions of six fungal
isolates were standardized spectrophotometrically
at 530nm and were adjusted to 80 to 85% transmittance. The fungal inoculum (106spores/ml) was determined by plate
count on PDA followed by addition of 1ml of both extract and fungal inoculum was added into the 5ml of sterile PDB in the
tubes followed by incubation at 250C for 15 days and observations
made for visible growth of fungi at regular interval during the incubation
period. In control tubes, 1ml each of the extract and fungal inoculum were added into the 5ml of ethanol. The highest
dilution (lowest concentration) showing no visible growth was regarded as
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). 100μl aliquot from the tubes
showing no growth were subcultured on PDA plates
and inoculated PDA plates incubated at 250C for 5 days and
observed for the development of the colonies to determine if the inhibition
was reversible or permanent. Minimum
fungicidal concentration (MFC) was determined as the highest dilution (lowest
concentration) at which no growth occurred on the plates (Florl
et al., 2003, Rasooli
and Abyanek, 2004, Irkin
and Korukluoglu, 2007). Results and Discussion The growing concern about food safety has recently led to the development of natural antimicrobials to control food borne and spoilage microorganisms. Spices are one of the most commonly used natural antimicrobial agents in foods and have been used traditionally for thousands of years by many cultures for preserving foods and as food additives to enhance aroma and flavour (Nevas et al., 2004, Souza et al., 2005). In the present investigation, the ethanolic extracts of clove and garlic showed inhibitory activity against all the six food associated bacteria in which the diameter of zone of growth inhibition varied between 25 and 32mm (in clove) and 20 and 31mm (in garlic) (Table 1). The clove ethnaolic extract showed highest diameter of zone of inhibition of 32mm against E. coli followed by S. aureus (31mm) and B. subtilis (30mm). The clove ethanolic extract showed similar zone of inhibition of 28 mm in diameter against B. megaterium and B. sphaericus. The minimum inhibitory activity was recorded against B. polymyxa. Our results substantiate the findings of Sulieman et al. (2007) who demonstrated the antibacterial activity of clove ethanolic extract against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis and found that the highest antibacterial activity was against E. coli. The antibacterial activity of clove is attributed to eugenol (2 methoxy-4 allyl-phenol) (Gupta et al., 2008). High tannin content (10-19%) in clove also provides additional antimicrobial activity (Namasombat and Lohasupthawee, 2005). Table 1. Antibacterial activity of
clove and garlic ethanolic extracts against
food-associated bacteria by agar well diffusion method.
- No activity; a-Values, including
diameter of well (8mm), are means of the three replicate; b ± Standard
deviation Abbreviations Bs - Bacillus subtilis, Bm
- B. megaterium,
Bsph-B. sphaericus, Bp-B.
polymyxa, Sa - Staphylococcus aureus and Ec-Escherichia coli. The garlic ethanolic extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the food associated bacteria with zone of growth inhibition ranging from 20mm to 31mm. The maximum zone of inhibition was showed against B. subtilis (31mm) followed by S. aureus and E. coli (30mm) and S. aureus (28mm). The zone of inhibition of 21mm was observed against B. polymyxa. The minimum diameter of zone of growth inhibition was recorded against B. megaterium and B. sphaericus (20mm). Garlic ethanolic extract showed inhibitory activity against all the tested Bacillus spp., S. aureus and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity of garlic has earlier been reported against S. aureus, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Jabar and Mossani, 2007) and E. coli and S. aureus (Vuddhakul et al., 2007). Shelef (1983) reported that allicin, the essential oil substance isolated from garlic, inhibited bacteria in culture media and also discovered that most of the antimicrobial substances were phenol compounds such as eugenol, thymol and carvacol. The ethanolic
extract of clove was effective in terms of percent mycelial
growth inhibition (70 to 100%) and garlic extract (20 to 50 %) (Table 2). The clove ethanolic
extract showed excellent antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer
with complete mycelial growth inhibition (100%)
followed by Aspergillus luchuensis,
A. flavus,
Mucor sp. (90%), Scopulariopsis sp. (75%) and minimum inhibition
against P. oxalicum
(70%). In the present invstigation, ethanolic extract
of clove was found highly active against Scopulariopsis sp., A. luchuensis, A. flavus, P. oxalicum, R. stolonifer and Mucor sp. Several workers (Meena and Sethi, 1994, Arora and Kaur, 1999) have earlier reported that clove ethanolic extract showed antimycotic
activity against fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Cladosporium and
Saccharomyces which is in hormony
with the present study. This
activity may be due to the presence of eugenol and caryophyllene.
The ethanolic
extract of garlic exhibited partial activity against the two isolates each of
R. stolonifer
(50%), Mucor sp. (40%), A. luchuensis (30%), A. flavus (30%)
and Scopulariopsis sp. (20%) but lacked in inhibitory
activity against P. oxalicum. Both extracts possessed good antimicrobial activity
against food associated bacteria and fungi. However, the antimicrobial
activity was better in clove extract than garlic against all the test
microorganisms. The inhibitory activity of Allium vegetable extracts against molds have been reported by numerous
authors (Irkin and Korukluoglu,
2007, Mahmoudabadi and Nasery, 2009).
Allicin, thiosulfonate
and other compounds showed fungistatic activity
against Aspergillus spp. such as A. flavus, A. fumigatus,
A. terreus and P. chrysogenum (Harris et al., 2001). Several studies have reported that garlic extract can inhibit
the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses in culture media and food systems and
it has been shown to posses insecticidal, antiparasitic
and antitumour properties (Kumar and Berwal, 1998). Several ajoene
compounds, derivative of allicin, obtained from
garlic with ethanol extraction has been found to be very inhibitory against A. Table 2. Antifungal activity of clove and garlic ethanolic extracts against food-associated fungi by poisoned food technique.
- No activity Abbreviations Alu - Aspergillus luchuensis, Afl-Aspergillus flavus, Pox
-Penicillium oxalicum, Rst-Rhizopus stolonifer,
Mc-Mucor sp. and Sco
- Scopulariopsis
sp. Table 3. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clove ethanolic extract against food-associated bacteria on Mueller Hinton agar medium using macrodilution agar method.
+ Growth; - No growth Table 4. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of garlic ethanolic extract against food-associated bacteria on Mueller Hinton agar medium using macrodilution agar method.
+ Growth; - No growth Table 5. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clove ethanolic extract against food-associated fungi using modified microdilution tube method.
+ Growth; - No growth Table 6. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of garlic ethanolic extract against food-associated fungi using modified microdilution tube method.
+ Growth; - No growth Conclusions It may be suggested
from the findings that both the clove and garlic ethanolic
extracts can be used as a potential source of natural antimicrobial compound
which if applied to bakery products. Further research is needed for the
identification of bioactive molecule present in the two extracts and in vivo efficacy against food spoilage
microorganisms before it is used for commercialization in the form of nutraceutical foods. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to the Vice-Chancellor for providing research
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