Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 332-37. 2009. Preliminary
Studies into the Hypolipidemic Activity of Various Parts of Capparis
decidua Neelkamal Chahlia MDPG college, Sriganganagar
(Rajasthan,India)345001 Email: nchahlia@yahoo.com Phone�
no. +919413795002 Issued Abstract ����������� The effect of various extracts
(50% ethanolic) of Capparis
decidua on lipid profile of streptozotocin diabetic rats
was studied. The extract was administered to the diabetic models for 30days.
The extract produced a significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent decrease in the
levels of total cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol (TG), low-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol ( Key words: Capparis decidua,
diabetes, hypolipidemic. Introduction ����������� The use of medicinal plants in the
management of various illnesses is due to their phytochemical constituents
and dates back to antiquity (Yakuba et al., 2007)[1]. However, during the last
decade, an increase in the use of medicinal plants has been observed in
metropolitan areas of developed countries (Hamack et al., 2001)[2]. ����������� Heart diseases have been
implicated as leading causes of death for both men & women of all racial
and ethnic groups. The elevation of serum total cholesterol & low density
lipoprotein ( ����������� Capparis
decidua belongs to the family Capparidaceae. It is
commonly found in the dry regions in Materials and methods ����������� The chosen plant, Capparis decidua was
identified and selected by the experts of Botany Department, The
collected plant material was shade dried and subjected to Soxhlet extraction
with 50% ethyl alcohol. Ethanol was separated under reduced pressure to
obtain a brownish crude extract. Extract was stored in sterile glass
containers at � 4oC. ����������� After getting approval from the
Institutional Animal Ethical Committee, albino rats, Rattus norvegicus of
Sprague Dawley strain, weighing about 150 to 200 gm were selected from our inbred
colony and were used for the experiment. They were housed in polypropylene
cages measuring 12�x10�x8� under controlled temperature conditions (25 � 2oC)
with ����������� Animals were regularly checked
throughout the investigation for any infection and if found infected, the
animals were isolated and treated. A total check of cleanliness of the cages
and general environment of animal house was kept. Animals were treated
intermittently with antibiotic and antihelminthic suspensions as a
prophylactic measure. ����������� Diabetes was induced in rats that
had been fasted for 24 hours by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin
(Sigma chemicals ����������� The experimental models were
administered various plant extracts for a period of 30 days. The control and
experimental groups consisted of 8-10 animals each. The study consisted of
the following groups: Group
1: Control or Intact: They received drug vehicle only i.e. normal saline
water (2 ml / kg body weight/day). Group
2: Diabetic control Group
3: Diabetic + Capparis
decidua bark extract treatment Group
4: Diabetic + Capparis
decidua flower extract treatment Group
5: Diabetic + Capparis
decidua fruit extract treatment ����������� The acute toxicity test (LD50) of
the extract was determined according to the OCED test guidelines No.420
(Organization for Economic Co-operation and development). The
various extracts of Capparis
decidua were prepared for oral administration by
dissolving it in normal saline. The extract was fed at an effective dose of
500 mg / kg body weight. Twenty
four hours after the last administration, the animals were anaesthetized with
chloroform vapor and dissected. Whole blood was obtained by cardiac puncture
from each rats and collected into sample bottles. The serum and tissue samples
(liver, heart and adrenal gland) were kept���
at - 20oC until assayed for Biochemical parameters. ����������� Serum total cholesterol,
triglyceride and High density Lipo-protein ( ����������� All the values were expressed in
terms of mean value � standard error. The different groups were
compared among each other using student �t� test (Ipstein and Poly,
1970)[11]. The results were analyzed for statistical significance using ANOVA
test. Results and discussion ����������� The aim of the present study was
to test the effect of the Capparis
decidua extracts on serum & tissue cholesterol and
triglyceride concentrations. It has been previously reported that Capparis decidua
exhibited a hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activity in ����������� There was a significant decrease
in ����������� The ethanolic extracts of C.decidua produced a significant
(p<0.05) decrease in the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, ����������� Induction of diabetes in normal
rats resulted in an increase in cholesterol content of liver, heart and
adrenal (table2). As reported earlier by Mutalik et al., 2005[15]. The
elevated levels of cholesterol in the diabetic control group were
significantly lowered in 30 days treatment group of Capparis decidua
extracts. Similar results were obtained by Ananthan et al., 2003[16]. ����������� Hyperlipidemia has been implicated
in the development of atherosclerosis (Kaplan, 1989)[17]. ����������� The underlying mechanism of the
lipidaemic-lowering activity of Capparis decidua could be the inhibition of
lipid absorption due to the presence of saponins and tanins in the ethanolic
extract (Goyal
and Grewal, 2003)[18]; hence used as hypocholesterolemic. It may operate
through increased fecal excretion of cholesterol as well as bile acids
(Agarwal and Chavan, 1988)[19]. ����������� Oral administration
of saponins from some medicinal plants, significantly reduce triglycerides
and cholesterol levels in rat. The usage of diet with high saponins
contents is also suggested to reduce heart diseases (Oakenfull,
1981)[20]. ����������� In the present study, there was a
significant reduction in the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, References [1]Yakubu, M.T.,Akanji, M.A.
and Oladiji, A.T. (2007).Male sexual dysfunction and methods used in
assessing medicinal plants with aphrodisiac
potentials.Pharmacog.Rev.,1(1):49-56. [2] Harnack, L.J., Rydell S.A.
and Stang, J. (2001). Prevalence of use of herbal products by adults in the
Minneapolis/St paul, [3] Edijala,
J.K.,Asagba,S.O., Eriyamremu, G.E., Atomatofa,U,(2005).:Comparative effects
of garden egg fruit,oat and apple on serum lipid profile in rats fed on a
high cholesterol diet. Pak.J.Nutr.,4:245-249. [4] Yadav, P., Sarkar, S. and
Bhatnagar, D. (1997): Action of Capparis
decidua against alloxan-induced oxidative stress and diabetes in rat
tissues. Pharmacol Res. 36(3):
221-228. [5] Gupta, J. and Ali, M.
(1998): Phytoconsitituents of Capparis decidua root barks. J Medicinal Aromatic plant sci. 20:
683-689. [6] Theodorou, N. A., Vrbova,
H., Tyhurst, M. and Howell, S. L. (1980): Management of intestinal amoebiasis
by an indigenous drug Kantaki Karanja (Caesalpinia crista L.). Diabetologia.
18: 313-318. [7] Andallu, B. and
Varadacharyulu, [8] Friedwald, W.T., Levy, R.T. and Frederickson, D.S., (1972).
Estimation of the concentration of�
low� lipoprotein cholesterol in
plasma without use of preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem., 18: 499-802. [9]
Zaltkis, A., Zak, B. and Boyle, A.J. (1953): A new method for the
direct determination of serum cholesterol. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 41:
486-492. [10] Ipstein, J. and Poly, F.
(1970): In: Banchroft�s introduction to biostatstics II Ed. (Harper
International) p. 44-64. [11] K. N. Gaind, T.R.Juneja and P.C.Jain (1969):. Anthelmintic and
Purgative Activity of Capparis decidua Edgew. Indian J. Hosp.Pharm.
July-August, 153-155. [12] Ram A, Lauria P, Gupta R, Kumar
P, Sharma VN.(1997): Hypocholesterolemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree
bark. J Ethnopharmacol.; 55:165�9. [13]
Sharma SR, [14] Mutalik, S., Chetana,
M., Sulochana, B., Devi, P.U., Udupa, N. (2005): Effect of Dianex, a herbal
formulation on experimentally induced diabetes mellitus Phytother. 19(5): 409-415. [15] Ananthan, R., Latha, M.,
Ramkumar, K.M., Pari, L., Baskar, C. and NarmathaBai V. (2003): Effect of Gymnema montanum leaves on serum and
tissue lipids in alloxan diabetic rats. Expr
Diabesity Res. 4(3): 183-189. [16] [17]�� Goyal,R.and Grewal, R.B.(2003): The
influence of Teent (C.decidua) on human plasma triglycerides,� total lipids and phospholipids.Nutr.
Health. 17(1): 71-76. [18]
Agarwal, V. and Chavan, B.M. (1988.) :Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 38 (2):189-197. [19]
Oakenfull, D.,1981. Saponins in food. Food Chem. 6:19�40. Table 1:
Showing� the� effect of the different crude extracts
of� Capparis
decidua on serum cholesteroland triglyceride� levels in fasting normoglycaemic and
|
Treatment groups |
Cholesterol (mg/dl) |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) |
(mg/dl) |
(mg/dl) |
VLDL (mg/dl) |
Intact Control (Group1) |
89.36 �0.432 |
66.68 �0.912 |
59.6 �0.45 |
78.2 �0.19 |
21.8 �0.36 |
Diabetic Control (Group 2) |
201.50c �0.58 |
149.20c �0.56 |
14.9c �0.29 |
144c �0.67 |
47.8c �0.30 |
�Diabetic
+ C. decidua bark extract
treatment (Group 3) |
96.10a,f �0.89 |
76.70a,f �0.35 |
56.46a,g �0.22 |
85.84a,f �0.22 |
22.1d,f �0.32 |
Diabetic + C.
decidua flower� extract treatment
(Group 4) |
125.4b,e �0.67 |
80.63a,f �0.42 |
46.02b,g �0.30 |
126.42b,e �0.72 |
34.26a,f �0.39 |
Diabetic + C.
decidua fruit extract
treatment (Group 5) |
98.00a,f �0.34 |
76.20a,f �0.72 |
44.2b,g �0.19 |
92.6a,f �1.28 |
22.9d,f �0.33 |
Group 2, 3, 4 and 5 were compared
with Group1������������ Group 3, 4 and
5 were compared with Group2
P
0.05 �������������������� �������= a������������������������������� P
0.05 �������������������� ����= e���������������
P
0.01������������������������� = b������ �������������������������� ���� P 0.01 ���������������� ����= f�������
P
0.001����������������������� = c������ �������������������������� ���� P 0.001 �������������� ������������������= g�������
Non-significant������� ������
= d�� �� ���������������������������� Non-significant��� ����������������� = h
Table 2:� Tissue
biochemistry of 30 days treatment of various extracts of Capparis Decidua in albino rats (Type
1 Diabetes) (MEAN OF 5 VALUES �
Treatment
groups |
��������������������� ������Cholesterol�� ����������������������������� (mg/gm) |
|||
Liver |
Heart |
Adrenal |
|
|
Intact Control (Group1) |
13.82 � 0.37 |
6.49 � 0.16 |
24.06 � 0.66 |
|
Diabetic
Control �(Group 2) |
27.46c � 0.41 |
8.6 c � 0.28 |
�
31.24 c �� 0.76 |
|
Diabetic + C.
decidua bark extract treatment (Group 3) |
14.36 d,g � 0.22 |
8.09 b,h � 0.46 |
��� 24.02 d,g � 0.39 |
|
Diabetic + C.
decidua flower extract treatment (Group 4) |
13.93 d,g � 0.09 |
7.15 d,f � 0.18 |
�� 23.01 d,g � 0.29 |
|
Diabetic + C.
decidua fruit extract treatment (Group 5) |
13.81 d,g � 0.17 |
7.09 d,f � 0.37 |
�� 24.25 d,g � 0.76 |
|
Group 2, 3, 4
and 5 were compared with Group1�����������
Group 3, 4 and 5 were compared with Group2
P 0.05 ���������������������� ����= a������������ ��������������������������������P
0.05 ���������������� ����= e���������������
P 0.01���������������������������� = b� ���������������������������������������� P
0.01 ����������������� ����= f�������
P 0.001�������������������������� = c� ��������������������������������������� �P 0.001 ��� �����������������= g�������
Non-significant� ��������������� = d�� ����������������������������������������
Non-significant�������� ��� = h