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Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 13: 351-63. 2009. Medicinal
Orchids: An Overview 1Amritpal Singh and 2 Sanjiv
Duggal 1 Senior
Lecturer, Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 Senior Lecturer, Dept of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Address for correspondence: Amritpal Singh 2101, Ph 7, Mohali. India160062 Email: amritpal2101@yahoo.com Issued Abstract Orchids are the largest and most diverse group among the angiosperms. They are cultivated for beautiful flowers. They are widely known for their economic importance but less for their medicinal value. Some plants like Dendrobium crumenative, Eulophia campestris, Orchis latifolia, Vanda roxburghii and Vanda tessellata have been documented for their medicinal value. Phytochemically some orchids have been reported to contain alkaloids, triterpenoids, flavonoids and stilbenoids. Ashtavarga (group of eight medicinal plants) is vital part of Ayurvedic formulations like Chyvanprasha and four plants viz, Riddhi, Vriddhi, Jivaka and Rishbhaka have been discussed as possible members of family Orchidaceae. Recently there has been tremendous progress in medicinal plants research; however orchids have not been exploited fully for their medicinal application. The article reviews medicinally important orchids along with recent pharmacological investigations. Key words: Orchids, Orchidaceae, Medicinal Plants, Ayurveda. Introduction to medicinal orchids Orchidaceae is one of the largest families among angiosperms. According to one estimate the family includes 800 genera and 25,000 species. (1) Orchids are well known for there economic importance and widely cultivated for ornamental purposes. Orchids are cosmopolitan in distribution. Vanilla planifolia is commercially important orchid as it is source of vanillin used as a foodstuff flavoring. (2) Historical aspects The term orchid was coined by Theophrastus as
anatomy of the plants resemble with testicles. Greek word orchid literally
means testicles. (1) This may account for use of orchids as aphrodisiacs in
ancient civilizations. When we study the history of ancient Alternative
systems of medicine Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine ( Asthavarga is important ingredient of various classical Ayurvedic formulations like Chavyanprasa. (4) Out of eight constituents of Ashtavarga, four have been reported to be orchids (see Table 1). Table 1. It shows eight medicinal plants used in Ashtavarga, composite Ayurvedic formulation. The plants marked with stars have been reported to be orchids.
Traditional Chinese medicine widely utilizes orchids
in medicines. A few of them have been subjected to phytochemical and
pharmacological studies. (3) In Many medicinal orchids are reported to contain
alkaloids. Antimicrobial activities of some orchids have been suggested
although detailed investigations are still warranted. (7) Recent works have
reported isolation of anthocyanins, stilebnoids and triterpenoids from
orchids. Orchinol, hircinol, cypripedin, jibantine, nidemin and loroglossin
are some important phytochemicals reported from orchids. Some of the
phytochemicals isolated from orchids along with biological source have been
tabulated below ( Table 2. Some phytochemicals isolated from orchid.
Materia Medica of Medicinally important orchids Aerides crispum Lindl. Origin: India. Phytochemistry: Phenanthropyran: aeridin. (8) Part used: Tubers. Aerides multiflorum Roxb. Syn: Aerides affine Lindl. Distribution: Part used: Tubers. Pre-clinical studies: Antibacterial (16). Agrostophyllum brevipes Ridley Distribution: E. Himalaya to Indo-China. Phytochemistry: Triterpenoids: agrostophyllinol and agrostophyllinone. (9). Part used: Tubers. Agrostophyllum callosum Rchb. f Distribution: Botany: Agrostophyllum callosum is 30-60 or higher plant. Stalks are creeping rhizomes. Rhizome 3-4 mm and stem erect. Leaves 8-13 cm wide and inflorescence 1-2 cm in diameter with short pedicles. Flowers pink or white colored. (10) Phytochemistry: Triterpenoids: agrostophyllinone and isoagrostophyllol, stilbenoids: orchinol, 6-methoxycoelonin, imbricatin, flaccidin, oxoflaccidin, isooxoflaccidin, flaccidinin, agrostophyllin, callosin, callosinin, callosumin, callosuminin and callosumidin. (11, 17) Part used: Tubers. Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata Distribution: Botany: Agrostophyllum callosum is 30-60 or higher plant. Stalks are creeping rhizomes. Rhizome 3-4 mm and stem erect. Leaves 8-13 cm wide and inflorescence 1-2 cm in diameter with short pedicles. Flowers pink or white colored. (3) Phytochemistry: Glycoside: kinsenoside (12) and polysaccharide (13). Part used: Tubers. Action: Anticancer. Therapeutics: Hepatitis, hypertension and cancer. (3, 11) Pre-clinical studies: Antioxidant (14, 15), antihperglycemic (15), hepatoprotective: kinsenoside (12, 14) and immuno-modulating: polysaccharide (13) Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. Syn:
Arundina
bambusifolia
Lindl., Cymbidium bambusifolium Roxb. Common name: Bamboo Orchid. Distribution: Himalayas of Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, southern China, Japan, Taiwan and south to Malaya and Java. (3) Botany: Arundina graminifolia is a large terrestrial plant with erect stems that are 1.5-2.5 cm tall and up to 1.5 cm in diameter. The leaves are borne in two ranks and are narrowly oblong and grass-like, 12-30 cm long and 1.6-2.5 cm. The simple, terminal inflorescence may be branched and is 15-30 cm long. The large cattleya-like flowers are purple-red, flesh-coloured or white and are up to 10 cm across. The lip is darker than the sepals and petals, often veined darker purple and has a yellow to orange-yellow patch at the base. The short-lived, scented flowers last for about 3 days and there are usually several open at a time. (18) Phytochemistry: Benzyldihydrophenanthrene: arundinaol, stilbenoid: arundinan and phenanthrene constituents. (18, 19, 20) Part used: Rhizome. Pre-clinical studies: Antibacterial. Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. Syn: Bletilla hyacinthine (Sm.) R.Br. Common name: Hyacinthina orchid, urn orchid. Distribution: Botany: Bletilla striata is a deciduous terrestrial orchid. The tuberous rhizomes give way to up to 60 cm papery, thin leaves. Light green leaves are plicate and are about 7.5 cm wide (22). Phytochemistry: Polysaccharide (23). Parts used: Pseudo bulbs. Actions: Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, demulcent, pectoral, skin, styptic and vulnerary. Therapeutics: Internal hemorrhage. Human study: Vascular emboli zing agent in interventional treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma (24). Cypripedium calceolus pubescens (Willd.) Correll Syn: Cypripedium pubescens Willd., Cypripedium parviflorum pubescens (Willd.) Knight. Common name: Lady’s Slipper orchid. Distribution: Botany: Plants erect, 70–700 cm. Flowers: sepals greenish or yellowish (often obscured by darker markings); dorsal sepal suborbiculate or ovate to ovate-lance-acuminate, 19–80 × 7–40 mm; lateral sepals connate; synsepal 11–80 × 5–34 mm; petals horizontal to strongly descending, same color as sepals, commonly spirally twisted or undulate, sometimes flat, linear-lanceolate to lance-ovate or oblong, 24–97 × 3–12 mm; lip rather pale to deep yellow, very rarely white, rarely with reddish spots or suffusion on adaxial external surface, 15–54 mm; orifice basal; staminode cordiform-ovoid, deltoid, lance-ovoid, or ovoid-oblong (7). Parts used: Roots. Phytochemistry: The active constituents are soluble in alcoholic extract of the plant is known as cyprepedin. The plant is reported to contain 1-4 phenanthrenequinone known as cypripedin (7, 25). Actions: Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, hypnotic, nervine, sedative, tonic. The plant is used as substitute for Valeriana officinalis L. although it is inferior (25). Therapeutics: Diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, paralysis, convalescence, impotence and malnutrition. (21, 25) Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo. Syn: Orchis latifolia L. Common name: Salampanja, Marsh orchis, salep orchid. Ayurvedic name: Munjataka. Distribution: Botany: Dactylorhiza hatagirea is a terrestrial orchid with fleshy tuberous roots. Tubers are slightly flattened, palmately lobed. Stem is usually 30-50 cm tall, leafy and with few sheathing scales in the lower portion. Leaves are erect, oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm long, obtuse and with a sheathing base. Flowers are pink-purple, crowded in terminal, spicate racemes (26). Parts used: Roots. Phytochemistry: Mucilage, starch, glucoside:
loroglossin, albumen, volatile oil and ash (25). Five new compounds known as
dactylorhins A-E and two natural compounds known as dactyloses A-B have been
reported from plant growing in Actions: Aphrodisiac, expectorant and nervine tonic (25). Therapeutics: Diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, paralysis, convalescence, impotence and malnutrition. Dendrobium macraei Auct Syn: Ephemerantha macraei (Lindl.) Hunt et Sunmeh, Flickingeria nodosa (Dalz.) Seiden f. Ayurvedic name: Jivanti (6), Jeva jevaniya, saka shreshtha, yasasvini, jiva bhadra (25). Distribution: Botany: An air plant, growing on jabmul tree,
much branching, stems long, pendulous and knotty, with many oblong
pseuo bulbs, leaf one, red sessile and long. Flowers white, with a yellow lip
3 or 4 inches in diameter and fragrant. Parts used: Tubers. Phytochemistry: and jibantic acid and alkaloid: jebantine (25). Actions: Tonic. Therapeutics: General debility. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Syn: Dendrobium lindleyanum, Dendrobium coerulescens (1). Distribution: Phytochemistry: mucilage, alkaloid:
dendrobine (25), 1-4: phenanthrenequinone: denbinobine. Recently gigantol has
been reported from methanolic extract of the plant growing in Actions: Antiphlogistic, pectoral, sialogogue, stomachic and tonic (1). Therapeutics: In Pre-clinical studies: Anti-mutagenic (28). Eulophia nuda Lindl. Syn: Eulophia dabia (D.Don) Hochr Common name: Whitton root, Salep. Ayurvedic name: Mankand. Distribution: Botany: The tubers, conical, surrounded with circular marks. The remains of leaflets, yellowish white or of a green colour. Parts used: Tubers. Phytochemistry: Phenanthrenes: chief is nudol (31,32). Actions: Demulcent and anthemnintic. Therapeutics: Worm infestation and scrofula. Eulophia campestris Wall. Ex Stapf Syn: Eulophia dabia (D.Don) Hochr Distribution: Botany: The tubers, conical, surrounded with circular marks. The remains of leaflets, yellowish white or of a green colour. Parts used: Tubers. Phytochemistry: Mucilage (25). Actions: Demulcent and anthemnintic. Therapeutics: Worm infestation and scrofula. Habenaria edgeworthii Hook.f. ex Collett. Syn: Habenaria acuminata Lindl. syn Platanthera edgeworthii (Hook.f. ex Collett) R.K. Gupta) Ayurvedic names: Riddhi, Laksmi, Mangala, Rathanga, Risisrista, Saravajanpriya, Siddhi, Sukha, Vasu and Yuga (34). Distribution: Botany: Stem: 30 to 60 cm. high, leafy, stout. Leaves-Ovate, oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm long acute, acuminate thick, upper leaves gradually smaller, nerves 5-7, base sheathing. Flowering spike- 7cm to 25 cm long bearing many flowers. Flowers- Yellow-green 1 to 1.5 cm across with lanceolate acute bracts , the lower shorter, the upper longer; than the ovary sepals green, pubescent, the margins slightly fringed; petals yellow thick, erect; lip yellow longer than the sepals concave narrowing to a long strap shaped limb, spur about twice the length of ovary, yellowish-green curving upwards with tip curved down (26). Ayurvedic dynamics: Sweet in taste and pacifies vata and pitta but aggravates kapha. Actions: Cooling and spermopiotic. Therapeutics: Diseases of the blood (26). Parts used: Leaves and roots (35). Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa DC.
(26). Habenaria intermedia D.Don Syn:
Habenaria
arietina H.f. English
name: Wild
orchid. Ayurvedic
names: Riddhi,
Laksmi, Mangala, Rathanga, Risisrista, Saravajanpriya, Siddhi, Sukha, Vasu
and Yuga (34, 35, 36). Distribution: Botany: Erect, 25-60 cm high, terete, robust leafy. Leaves- Scattered usually 5, nerved ovate-lanceolate acuminate, cordate at the base. Inflorescence: 2-6 flowered. Flowers: 5 cm across white or greenish-white few, distant. Bracts leaf like lanceolate, acuminate, equal or more than ovary. Sepals persistent, 20-25 mm long, green, spreading tips reflexed, upper one white inside. Petals white, 5-nerved. Lip 3–lobed, longer than sepals, green spur 5-6 cm stout, longer than ovary more or less curved. Side lobes deeply fringed (25). Ayurvedic dynamics: Sweet in taste and pacifies vata and pitta but aggravates kapha (34). Actions: Cooling and spermopiotic (34, 35). Therapeutics: Diseases of the blood (34). Parts used: Leaves and roots. Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa DC.
(26). Habenaria pectinata D.Don Distribution: Common name: Safed musli. Therapeutics: The leaves are crushed and applied in snake bites. Tubers mixed with condiments are used in arthritis (26). Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze Ayurvedic names: Jivaka, Chiranjivi, Dirghayu, Harsanga, Ksveda, Kurchasira, Pranda, Sringaka and Svadu (34, 35). Distribution: Botany: Microstylis muscifera is a terrestrial, robust herb, up to 25 cm high. Stem tending to be psuedobulbous at base. Leaves –usually 3 may be more, 5-10 cm ovate-lanceolate, acute with prominent veins and light green. Flowers- shortly stalked about 10 mm in diameter, yellowish-green with purple centre. Sepals oblong, 2 lateral rather shorter than the dorsal, margins recurved. Petals linear longer than sepals, margin recurved. Lip-slightly convex, tip notched or bilobulate, auricles straight and slightly over lapping (26). Phytochemistry: No information. Ayurvedic dynamics: Sweet in taste, cold in potency, pacifies vta and aggravates kapha (33). Actions: Cooling, febrifuge and spermopiotic (34). Therapeutics: Bleeding diathesis, burning sensation, fever and phthisis (34,35). Part used: Bulb (35). Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa DC. (26). Malaxis acuminta D.Don Syn. Microstylis wallichii Lindl., Malaxis wallichii Deb. Ayurvedic names: Rishbhaka, Bandhura, Dhira, Durdhara, Gopati, Indraksa, Kakuda, Matrika, Visani, Vrisa and Vrisnabha (34). Distribution: Botany: Stem- 3 to 25 cm high with ovoid pseudo bulbs. Leaves- One or two (unequal) 3-10 x 2-4 cm sessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate obtuse, narrowed at base to sheathing petiole. Infloresence-10 to 25 cm long. Flowers- 3-4 mm long, pale-yellow-green, bracts lanceolate shorter than ovary sepals broadly lanceolate. Petals liner shorter than sepals. Lip ovate abruptly pointed, margins thickened. Flowering time- July-August. Tuber- round, shining bearing stem giving shape bullock horn having a similar curvature. The taste is slightly bitter with fat like substance (26, 37). Phytochemistry: No information. Ayurvedic dynamics: Sweet in taste, cold in potency, pacifies vata and aggravates kapha (36). Actions: Cooling, febrifuge and spermopiotic (35). Therapeutics: Bleeding diathesis, burning sensation, fever and phthisis ([34, 38). Part used: Pseudo bulb (26, 36). Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa DC (26). Orchis laxiflora Lam. Syn: Orchis ensifolia Vill. Common name: Oriental Salep, Marsh Orchis. Distribution: Botany: Orchis laxiflora is a terrestrial orchid with fleshy tuberous roots. Tubers are slightly flattened. Stem contains sheathing scales in the lower portion. Leaves are erect and oblong-lanceolate. Flowers are dark-purple in spicate racemes (1,25). Phytochemistry: Mucilage. Actions: Astringent and expectorant. Therapeutics: Diarrhea, bronchitis and convalescence (25). Part used: Bulb. Vanda spathulata (L.) Spreng. Distribution: Peninsular Therapeutics: Powdered flowers are used in the treatment of consumption, asthma and mania (25). Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. Ex Don Syn:
Vanda
roxburghii R.Br.
Common name: Vanda. Ayurvedic names: Atirasa and Rasna (6). Distribution: Botany: Vanda tessellata is an epiphytic orchid, 30-60 cm high, with leafy stem. Leaves are thickly coriaceous, recurved, plicate, obtuse keeled. Flowers are greenish yellow, mottled with brown on the mid lobe of lip with purple caruncles (26). Phytochemistry: Alkaloid, glucoside, bitter
principle, tannins, resin, saponin, sitosterols and colouring matter (40). A
glycoside (melianin) and a complex withanolide have been reported from plant
growing in Actions: Aphrodisiac, analgesic and nervine tonic (26, 35, 37). Therapeutics: Paste of leaves is used as application in fevers. It is ingredient of Rasna Panchaka Quatha, Ayurvedic formulation used in the treatment of arthritis and rheumatism. Expressed juice of the leaves is sued in the treatment of otitis media.The root is used as antidote against scorpion sting and remedy for bronchitis (26). Parts used: Whole plant. Pre-clinical studies: Aphrodisiac (41), anti-inflammatory (42), anti-arthritic (43), antimicrobial (45) and wound-healing (46). References 1. Stewart, J. & M. Griffiths. Manual of
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