����������� A survey of medico-botanical investigation
was conducted between October 2003 to April, 2004 in the Galliyat areas of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of
����������� Galliyat is highly mountainous track situated in south east of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The study area includes Donga Galli, Bara Galli (Barian), Nathia Galli and Chhangla Galli (Map-1). It is located at 33-35�N latitude and 73-74�E longitude with altitude between 7000-9500 feet. In general, climate of the area is pleasant to extreme cold type in different months of the year. The area receive major part of the rainfall during monsoon i.e. from June to the middle of September. In winter snow ordinarily falls above an altitude of 3000 feet and occasionally even lower, but melts rapidly except at high altitudes and on northern aspects above 6000 feet. Generally snowfall starts from late December to March. Temperature goes up slowly from January to June till the start of monsoon rains. Then it starts falling steadily till a rapid fall of temperature in December and January (Rahim, 2000)
����������� The indigenous traditional knowledge of herbal plants of communities where it has been transmitted orally for many years is fast disappearing from the face of world due to transformation of traditional culture. The collection of information about natural flora, classification, management and use of plants by the people holds importance among the ethnobotanists. The local people and researcher face the challenging task of not only recording knowledge of plants, but also applying the results of their studies to biodiversity conservation and community development. (Ahmad et al., 2003)
����������� For
thousands of years, herbs have filled medicines bag, cosmetic bowel, culinary
spice jars, perfumes vials and dye pots. The use of medicinal plants has played
very important role in Galliyat (Murree), since
pre-historic era. The dry vast deserts of the province had been considered to
be source of plant stock with higher contents of active chemicals then the
tropical rainy areas of sub continent. The multipurpose use of countless plants
available in the mountain areas of the uplands of Galliyat
has been indeed interesting subject among the rural population, particularly
among men and women. The people have their own plant classification according
to use and effects on the health. No scientific studies exist on the
ethnobotanical basis of plants, except scanty, unplanned work done on the
enlistment and location of the valuable plants.
����������� During
the fieldwork, trips were arranged at proper harvest time of plants collected
and their use by the inhabitants. The information about the plants were gathered during field trips in and around various
villages of Galliyat region. Interviews of 100
informants including local inhabitants (both men and women) herbalist and herb
sellers were held. Questionnaires were adopted for interviews. Medico-botanical
investigations about the medicinal plants were collected and studied regarding
their botanical names followed by their local name, family, flowering period,
voucher specimen number, part used and ethnomedicinal
uses. All voucher specimens were deposited in the Botany Department of
University of Arid Agriculture
Results and Discussion
1. Dryopteris ramosa L.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Pakha
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Aspidiaceae
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� December-March��������
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 49
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Young leaves.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Young leaves are collected in March-May and used
as vegetable against gastric ulcer, constipation and aphrodisiac.
2. Ficus glumerata Wall. Ex
Roxb.
�
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Phagwar
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Moraceae
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� September-October
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 50
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Fruits and leaves.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Fruits are eaten against constipation and are also
used against lugs and urinary problems.
3. Mentha royleana L.�
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Podina
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Lamiaceae
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� August-September
Voucher specimen No������������� = �������� 51
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Aerial parts.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Aerial parts are dried under sunlight and are ground
to obtain powered, which is mixed with powder seeds of Carum copticum and is used to stop vomiting. Decoction of the leaves is used against cough, flu and diarrhea.�
4.Berberis lycium Royle
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Simblu
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� berberidaceae
Flowering Period �������������������� =��������� April -June������
Voucher specimen No.�� ��������� =��������� 35
Part used �������������������������������� =��������� Bark,branches and roots.
Ethnomedicinal uses ���������������� =��������� The extract from roots and the stem isused against ������� blood purification and stomach problems.The bark ���� of the stem is used against fever and� diabetes.
5. Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus��
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Rein, Shah baloot
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Fagaceae
Flowering Period �������������������� =��������� July-October
Voucher specimen No. ����������� =��������� 53
Part used �������������������������������� =��������� Fruits and wood.
Ethnomedicinal uses ���������������� =��������� Fruits are used as diuretic and also used against
diarrhea, indigestion, asthma and gonorrhea.
6. Rumex hastatus� D. Don�
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Khatimmer
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Polygonaceae
Flowering Period �������������������� =��������� July-September
Voucher specimen No. ����������� =��������� 54
Part used �������������������������������� =��������� Roots and leaves.
Ethnomedicinal uses ���������������� =��������� Roots are dried, boiled in water and decoction is
used against jaundice. Fresh leaves are recommended by the local people as the ethnophytotherapic treatment against stinging neetle(Urtica dioca).
7. Trichdesma indica (L.) R. Br
�
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Hundusi
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Boraginaceae
Flowering Period �������������������� =��������� April-August
Voucher specimen No ������������ =��������� 55
Part used �������������������������������� =��������� Whole plant.
Ethnomedicinal uses ���������������� =��������� Extract of the whole plant is mixed with sugar and
used against diarrhea, dysentery and urinary problem.
8. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Timmer
Family��������������� ��������������������� =��������� Rutaceae
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� September-November
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 56
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Fruits, seeds and branches.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Fruit is used against dyspepsia, as a carminative and
stomachache. Branches are used as miswak (toothbrush).
9. Sauromatum Venosum (Ait.) Schott
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Samp the boti
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Araceae
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� September-October
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 57
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Rhizome.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Rhizome is used as stimulating poultice in
snakebite.
10. Hedera nepalensis K. Koch
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Harbanbal
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Araliaceae
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� April-June
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 58
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Leaves and fruits.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� The dry leaf powder is used as stimulate sores,
diaphoretic cathartic, contains arsenic oxide besides tannin. Fruits (Berries) are purgative, useful in febrile disorders.� .
11.
Lactuca serriola L.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Kahu
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Asteraceae
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� August-September
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 59
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Whole plant.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� The herb is used as cooling, sedative, diaphoretic,
diuretic, antiseptic, hypnotic, expectorant, useful in the treatment of coughs in phthisis, bronchitis, asthma and pertussis.
12. Tagetes minuta L.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Hameshgul
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Asteraceae
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� February-April
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 60
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Flowers and leaves.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Flowers and leaves are used for vomiting and
digestive disorders.
13. Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Chamakat
Family�������������������������� ���������� =��������� Capparidaceae
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� September-October
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 61
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Flowers, Bark.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� The bark is given in menorrhagia and metrorrhagia.�
Flowers are used in blood purification.
13. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Kamla
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� June-August
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 62
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Leaves, fruits, bark.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� The powder of fruits is used as vermifuge, purgative
and in certain skin diseases.� The leaves and barks are used for poulticing in cutaneous diseases.� The powder is also uses as dye.
14. Colebrookia oppositifolia Smith.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Pathan
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� July-September
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 63
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Leaves, roots.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Leaves are applied to wounds and for ulcers as
antiseptic.� Roots extract is used in epilepsy and it contains flavones.�
15. Ficus
virgata L.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Phagwara
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� April-June
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 64
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Fruits, latex, leaves, wood.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� The fruit is laxative and demulcent and used as diet
in constipation and in lungs and
bladder diseases.� Leaves are boiled in
the milk of goat used to soften the arteries.���
16. Myrsine africana L.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Khukhal
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� March-June
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 65
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Leaves, shoots, fruits.
Ethnomedicinal uses������������������ =������� Plant is used as hedge having edible fruits.� Warm
gum is used in dysmenorrhoea.� Leaves extract as blood purifier.� Fruits are antiseptic, used in the preparation of skin ointments, laxative, in dropsy and colic pains.� Shoots serve as fodder for goat.� It is used as fuel.�
17. Jasminum humile L.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Pili Chambaili
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� February-April
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 66
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Flowers, roots.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Flowers are astringent.� Decoction of roots is used
in ringworm.� Flowers are mixed with green tea for its pleasant smell. It yields essential oil.� It is used for ornamental and as hedge plant. It is important for apiculture.
18. Pinus roxburghii Sargent
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Chil, Chir
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� March-June
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 67
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Wood, resin, leaves (needle).
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Wood is used to cool the burning sensation of the
body. Resin is employed as a stimulating application for ulcer and abscesses and as basis for plaster.� Past is used for painful chest.� Wood and resin used in snakebite and scorpion sting.
tannin and to control erosion.� Leaves
(needles) are used for thatching.� It is
also used as ornamental.
20. Cymbopogon Jawarancusa (Jones) Schult.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Khawi
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� June-July
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 68
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Whole plant.
Ethnomedicinal uses������������������ =������� Leaves are used to purify blood, given in coughs,
chronic rheumatism, and tonic in dyspepsia, stimulant, sudorific in gout and fevers.
21. Zea mays L.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� makki
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� July-August
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 69
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Whole plant.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Staminal hair are boiled in water and this decoction
is extensively used for kidney and urinary problems.
extracted, used in Ghee industry.� Remnants of cobs are also used as fuel.
22. Dryopteris pallida Fomin
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Unknown
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� December-March
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 70
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Whole plant.
Ethnomedicinal uses�������������� =������������ Extract obtained from the aerial parts and is mixed with water and used for chronic dysentery.
23. Pyrus communis L.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Nashpati
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� March-April
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 71
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Fruits, wood.
Ethnomedicinal uses�� �������������� =��������� Fruit is edible and is used for digestive disorders
and is recommended for general debility.
24. Pyrus
pashia Buch. Ham. ex D. Don
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Batangi
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� April-August
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 72
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Leaves, fruits, roots, wood.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Fruit is used as febrifuge, sedative and astringent.�
25. Ailanthus altissima Swingle
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Backyanra, Ailanthus
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� April-July
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 73
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Leaves, trunk and bark.
Ethnomedicinal uses ���������������� =��������� Leaves are crushed and are recommended for
stomach disorders of the cattles mill pulley.� It is����� used as fuel wood.� It is considered as an invader species.� Bark is also important for tannin, thatching and to control soil erosion.
26.
Lantana camara L.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Punchphuli
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� December-March
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 74
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Whole plant.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� It is poisonous plant.
27. Vitex negundo Hausskn.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Marwan
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� April-June
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 75
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Leaves, roots, branches.
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� Leaves are crushed and mixed with wheat flour and
used on skin disorder.� Leaves are smoked to relieved headache. Branches are used as toothbrush.� It is anthelmintic and diuretic.� Roots are used to relieve backache.�
28. Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss.
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Kachal, Rau
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� April
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 76
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Wood.
29. Cedrus deodara Roxb. ex. D. Don
Local Name���������������������������� =��������� Deodara, Dewar
Flowering Period��������������������� =��������� October-November
Voucher specimen No������������� =��������� 77
Part used��������������������������������� =��������� Bark and wood
Ethnomedicinal uses����������������� =��������� wood is used for piles, pulmonary and urinary disorders. Bark � is used for diarrhea, fever and skin diseases.
30.Viola
serpens Wall.ex.Roxb
Local Name���������������������������� =����� ��Binafsha
Family���������� �������������������������� =������� �Violaceae
Part use��� ������������������������������� = �������� Aerial parts
Flowering periods ������� �������������=� ������ November-December
Voucherspecimen no.����������� = ����������� 11
Ethnomedicinall uses��� =��� ������������������ Flower are dried under shad and ground to ����������������������������������������������������� ����������������������� makepowder which is recommended by local �������������������������������������������������� ����������� people for liver diseases,cold and cough.Decoction ����������������������������������������������������� ����������� of the flower is used against jaundice and stomach ���������������������������������������������������������������������� diseases.
Nearly 80% of the
world population depend upon traditional system of
health care. Allopathic drugs have brought a revolution throughout the world,
but the plant base medicines have its own status. The local uses of plants as a
cure are common particularly in those areas, which have little or no assess to
modern health services (Saeed et al., 2004). Hence due to less communication means, poverty,
ignorance and unavailability of modern health facilities, most people
especially rural people still forced to practice traditional medicines for
their common day ailments. Most of these people form the poorest link in the
trade of medicinal plants (Khan, 2002). Nowadays younger generation is using
alternative modern medicines for their treatment and also forgetting about
indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants. But most of the people especially old
people, herbalists and old ladies still possess the traditional knowledge about
wild surrounding resources.������
���� The necessity for exploitation of indigenous drugs has long been felt with the increasing need of drugs and medicines. It is desired that indigenous plant material should be collected, identified, processed and utilized for the medicinal purposes. A preliminary survey of medico-botanical investigation is the first logical step in direction towards the ultimate role of the development of natural drug industry. Every year a considerable amount of foreign exchange is involve in the import of the drugs of foreign origin. The utilization of drug resources will increase the importance of the local industry on the one hand and will minimize the expenditure incurred on the purchase of foreign drugs on the other. There is a need for urgent preferential probe of plant resources because with rapid urbanization of forest and hills, the rich herbal wealth of our country is fast dwindling.
����������� In view of economic importance and constant demand of medicinal herbs in galliyat areas it is desirable to obtain the traditional knowledge of medico-botanical investigations from local inhabitants of these areas. The local inhabitants and local practitioners in area through traditional knowledge collect the medicinal plants and use for common day ailments. The medico-botanical investigations about-30 plant species belonging to 28 genera of 21 families were reported. The fruits, seeds and branches of Zanthoxylum alatum (Timmer) were used for dyspepsia, stomach ache and teeth ache. Similarly leaves fruits and bark of Mellotus philipensis (Kamla) was used for skin diseases. Leaves, roots and branches of Vitex negundo (Marwan) were used for skin diseases, headache, toothache and backache. It has been reported that large number of medicinal plants occur scattered over the entire forest areas but all the species are however not procures for commercial purposes. In view of the economic importance of these medicinal plants, research and development efforts should be focused on these plants. It is proposed to establish comprehensive research projects to boost up the production of medicinal plants of this area.��
References
Ahmad, M., M. A. Khan and R. A. Qureshi. 2003. Ethnobotanical study of some cultivated plants of chhuchh region (District Attock). J. Hamdard Medicus. Vol. XLVI (3). pp15-19.
Khan, A.U. 2002. History
of decline and present status of natural tropical thorn forest in
Nasir,Y.J.and
R.A.Rafiq 1995.Wild flowers of Pakistan.edited
by T. J. Robrts, Oxford University Press,
Rahim, S.M.A. 2000.Working plan for the cantonment forest Murree
(1997-2007). Development and working plan circle 108-Ravi road
Saeed, M., M. Arshad, M. Ahmad, E. Ahmad and M. Ishaque.
2004. Ethnophytotherapies for the treatment of
various diseases by the local people of selected areas of N.W.F.P. (