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Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 13: 83-88. 2009. Inter- Generic Relationship
of Ocimum and Origanum Based on GC-MS Volatile Oils Data using
Software NTSPSpc Version 2.0 M. Maridass Animal Health Research Unit, St. Xavier’s College
(Autonomous), Palayamkottai-627002,
Tamil Nadu, South India Email:
orchideyadass@yahoo.com Issued Abstract To study of inter-
generic relationships of Origanum vulgare L, Origanum applii (Domin)
Borus, Ocimum gratissimum L. and Ocimum basilicum L essential
oils peaks based on GC-MS methods. The result of the essential oils of Origanum
vulgare L, Origanum applii (Domin) Borus, Ocimum gratissimum L.
and Ocimum basilicum were constructed the phenogram formed in
one cluster and two sub cluster. The inter- generic relationship of 26%
formed in main clusters both genus of Origanum sp and Ocimum
sp. The sub cluster I, Ocimum gratissimum L. and O. basilicum was
very close relationship of 40% and 34% of sub cluster II Origanum vulgare L,
and O. applii respectively. Introduction The storage of essential
oils in higher plants is not restricted to specialized plant parts. Essential
oils occur in both roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds, or in the plant
as a whole. Both epidermal or mesophyll tissue can function as the site of
terpene biosynthesis in general, whereas typical storage cells or cell
structures characterize the taxonomic group of aromatic plants: Oil cells,
secretory glands, ducts and canals and the Labiatae-typical glandular
trichomes (capitate and peltate glands). Depending on
morphological structures, varying secondary metabolism and thus, determined
signalling and defence functions of essential oils in plant organs, the
pronounced alteration gives the ability to obtain essential oil qualities
that are quite different from one and the same plant. Infraspecific and
intervarietal differences can be observed in both morphology and chemical
structures, which establish the basis for determining important chemically
defined populations or chemotypes (Hay and Svoboda,1993). Despite
aromatherapeutic demands, which require that the medicinal value of an
essential oil be based on its complete composition rather than its
constituent parts (Franchomme et al., 1990), one still has to consider the
chemical specification of Essential oils with regard to toxic concentrations
of single constituents (Tisserand and Balacs, 1995; Price and Price, 1999). Knowledge about genetic
diversity and population genetic structure is a good baseline for formulating
effective conservation plans, and can often provide novel,
conservation-relevant insights. An effective conservation strategy for a
species can be made only after detailed population genetic information
becomes available. Estimates of genetic similarity using genetic
fingerprinting data are a useful tool in plant breeding, allowing breeders to
make informed decisions regarding the selection of germplasm to be used in
crossing schemes. Fingerprints themselves are also useful to breeders for
every day for protection of their own varieties and to seed producers,
growers and end users for checking the identity and purity of their produce
(Milbourne et al., 1997). Materials and Methods Genetic
materials Origanum vulgare L.
(UEC 121.409), O. applii (Domin) Borus (UEC 121.410), Ocimum
gratissimum L. (UEC 121.407) and O. basilicum L. (UEC 121.408)
were chosen to the present study. The aromatic plants were collected from
CPQBA/UNICAMP experimental field, between Essential
oil extraction The oil extraction was
obtained from 40g fresh plants by steam distillation using Clevenger system,
during 3h. The aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (3x50mL). The
organic phase was dried with sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent
evaporated until dryness. The oil was solubilized in ethyl acetate for gas
chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis (Sartoratto et al.,
2004). Chromatography
conditions Sartoratto et al.,
(2004) work done on the identification of essential oil constituents was
conducted by gas-chromatography in Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II (Palo Alto,
CA, USA) equipment, with selective mass detector HP-5971 in the electron
impact (EI) ionization mode (70 eV), injector split/splitless,
capillary column HP-5 (25 m x 0.2 mm x 0.33 µm). Temperature: injector =
220ºC, column = 60ºC, 3ºC.min-1, 240ºC (7 min). Carrier gas (He) = 1.0
mL.min-1. Retention indices (RI) have been obtained according to the method
(Van den Dool, and Kratz, 1963). Data analysis The chromatogram peaks
were converted into a “1” and “0” matrix, to indicate the presence or absence
of a peak, respectively. Genetic similarities (GS) were estimated for all
comparisons of each samples according to Nei (1972) as GS=2nxy/(nx+ny)
in which nx and ny are the total numbers of peaks in the
chromatograms of the samples x and y, respectively, and nxy is
the number of peaks shared by the two samples. To examine the inter- genetic
relationships between four species populations, a dendrogram was constructed
by an unweighted paired group method of cluster analysis using arithmetic
averages (UPGMA) option of the NTSYSpc-2.0 software. Results and Discussion Table-1 identified with 60 peaks, with the assumption that peaks with the same retention time on different chromatograms was the same compounds. The data on these 60 peaks for four plant samples such as Origanum vulgare L, O. applii (Domin) Borus, Ocimum gratissimum L. and O. basilicum L. (Sartoratto et al., (2004). The phenogram constructed based on common peaks of essential oils identification from the Ocimum gratissimum, O. basilicum, Origanum vulgare L, and O. applii shown in fig-1. The inter generic relationship of 26% formed in main clusters both genus of Origanum sp and Ocimum sp. The graphic phenogram (Fig. 1) distantly placed Origanum vulgare L, and O. applii was 34% similarity. And Ocimum gratissimum L. and O. basilicum was 40% similarity. According to literature reported the distantly placed C. martinii (var. motia and var. so.a) from the rest of the taxa sharing 54% similarity. C. pendulus was distantly placed from rest of the accessions but was closer to the subclusters containing C. nardus var. nardus, C. nardus var. Java II and C. winterianus (49, 44, 52% similarity, respectively) on one hand and to the subcluster containing C. exuosus and C. citratus (52, 43% similarity, respectively (Khanuja et al.,2005). In conclusion of the present study, essential oils constituents can be used as an additional tool to assist in identification of similar and closely related species of Ocimum sp and Origanum sp. Acknowledgements I would like to thank A. Sartoratto, A. L. M.
Machado, Camila Delarmelina; Glyn Mara Figueira, Marta Cristina T.
Duarte, and Vera Lúcia G. Rehder,
Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas –
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil, and also Brazilian
Journal Microbiology for providing of
Research article. References Hay RKM, Svoboda KP. Botany. In Volatile oil
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exactement: Encyclopédie de l'utilisation thérapeutique des huiles
essentielles - Fondements, démonstration, illustration et applications d'une
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A, Machado ALM., Delarmelina C, Figueira GM,
Duarte MCT, Rehder Van den Dool H, Kratz PDA. Generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. J. Chrom, 1963:11:463-471. Nei M. Genetic distance between populations. Am.Nat. 1972; 106: 283–292. Khanuja SPS,
Shasany AK, Pawar A, Lal
RK, Darokar MP, Naqvi AA,
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constituents and RAPD markers to establish species relationship in Cymbopogon
Spreng. (Poaceae) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2005; 33: 171-186. Table 1. Inter- generic chemotypical variation of Ocimum and Origanum species (Sartoratto et al., 2004).
Table 2. Volatile data converted on inter-generic chemotypical variation of Ocimum and Origanum species.
Table
3. The average of taxonomical similarities of Ocimum sp. and
Origanum sp.
Fig.1. Phenogram based on 60 essential oils peaks on Ocimum sp
and Origanum sp.
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