Ethnobotanical Leaflets 9: 6-14. 2005.

 

Comparison in Various Bioactive Compounds of Leaves and Seeds of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.

 

Gulfraz, M*., M. Arshad*, N. Uzma**, Kanwal** and K. Shabir**

 

* Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry

** M.Sc. Students, Department of Biochemistry

 

Issued 9 January 2005

 

ABSTRACT

 

Medicinal plants a gift of nature are being used against various infections and diseases in the subcontinent since past history. Herbs were use as food ( vegetables ) and flavors for hundred of years in many parts of world. Whereas number of herbs have also been traditionally regarded as natural remedies for common ailments of human population. Furthermore some herbal plants are considered as house of medicines and played an important role in nearly every culture on earth, including Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. A study was conducted to analyze the Leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for different bioactive compounds those includes saponins , total proteins, amino acids, fat and flavonoids with one and two dimensional thin layer and column chromatography followed by spectrophotometric analysis. Results indicates that leaves contained higher concentration of flavonoids and fat. Where as level of Saponins, proteins, amino acids, total minerals and other organic compounds was high in seeds. The analysis of leave and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare for these valuable organic compounds will provide important raw materials that can be used for preparation of medicines in Pharmaceuticals companies. Furthermore interest of people in plant made medicines are increasing due to their concern about the side effects of powerful synthetic drugs and high prices of these medicines. It is expected that raw material obtained from plants will not only reduce the prices of medicines in the pharmaceutical market but also provide rapid and reliable system of treatment of various infection and disease of human population

 

Key words ; Foeniculum vulgare, medicinal plants, chemical analysis.

 

INTRODUCTION

Approximately 80% of the words population depends exclusively on plants for their health and healing. Where as in the developed world, reliance on surgery and pharmaceutical medicine is more usual but in the recent year, more and more people are complementing their treatment with natural supplements. (Dursum et al. 2004). Furthermore motivation of people towards herbs are increasing due to their concern about the side effects of drugs, those are prepared from synthetic materials. The people want to concern their own health rather than merely submitting themselves to impersonal health care system. Many botanicals and some common dietary supplements are good sources of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds (Leung and Foster, 1996: Nadkarni, 1976)

 

Pakistan is rich in herbal plants wealth especially in the northern and sub mountainous areas. Almost 2,000 medicinal plant species exist in Pakistan whereas a huge number of plants need further identification on the basis of their uses. However, few of these are exploited and more than 90% of the country�s requirement for medicinal herb are imported from other countries. whereas over 50% of the population in Pakistan is being treated with traditional medicines by almost 50,000 traditional local herbal practitioners and hakims (Zaidi, 998).

 

Foeniculum vulgare belongs to family Apiaceae, which is an annual, biennial or perennial aromatic herb, depending on the variety ( Farrell, 1985: Wichtl and Bisset, 1994). It is a source of Phytochemicals hormones (saponins), Proteins, amino acids, fats, flavonoids and many other organic compounds .while all of these organic compounds are important for various purposes of human population. The use of these secondary compounds of plants for the treatment of human�s ailments is indeed very old ( Aritomi and Kawasaki, 1984 : Miura et al. 1986 ).

 

Foeniculum vulgare commonly known as fennel and develops an edible bulb contained thick base leaves, which is becoming increasing popular as a vegetable. The leaves, stalks and seeds (fruits) of the plant species are edible. It is used as carminative, digestive, lactogogue and diuretic (Matin et al, 2002). However, Foeniculum vulgare is an aromatic herb whose fruits are oblong, ellipsoid or cylindrical, straight or slightly curved and greenish or yellowish brown in colour. The weight of between 6 and 7 mg where as length is 6 mm and width 2mm. The dried, aromatic fruits are widely employed in culinary preparations for flavoring bread, pastry and candies. It is also use in alcohol liqueurs, as well as in cosmetic and medicinal preparations. (Bernth, 1998: Matin et al, 2002). This herb has finely out feathery foliage, umbels of mid summer flowers, curved, ribbed seeds and a thick root. It is used as an expensive and extravagant spice and vegetable in different parts of world. Its seeds contain essential oil, which is used for many purposes by human population (Tanira, 1996: Leung and Foster, 1996).The oil of Foeniculum vulgare regulates the peristaltic functions of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing emptying time and increasing the passage of gas. It also relieves the spasm of intestines. It was experimentally observed that Foeniculum seeds are effective against hernias and hydrocele when used with other salts or ingredients. (Fathy et al. 2002 : Ethernton et al. 2002 ).

 

Therefore keeping in view the importance of Foeniculum vulgare the present study was undertaken with following aims and objectives.

. To analyze bioactive compounds in leave and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare.

����������� To assess the Foeniculum leave and seeds for Saponin and Flavonoids.

����������� To highlight effects of Foeniculum on health of human population.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and Preparation of Leave and Seeds Samples

The leave and seeds samples of Foeniculum vulgare were analysed for various organic compounds in this study. The leaves and seeds were collected from different hilly areas nearby Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Sixty samples of leaves and seeds were dried and crushed into powdered form. The prepared samples were stored at room temperature for further process for separation of chemical compounds.

 

Analysis of Total Protein, Amino acid and Lipids from Leaves and Seeds of Foeniculum vulgare

The total protein content of leaves and seeds were determine by using kjeldahal method whereas total lipid content were determined by taking ether extraction by soxhlet apparatus whereas percentage of lipid was determined by calculating initial and final weight of samples.

 
Analysis of Protein and Amino acids by Thin Layer Chromatography

The purified samples of leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare were subjected to one and two dimensional thin layer chromatography. Furthermore the Rf values of each amino acid was calculated and compared with standard values.

 

Analysis of Flavonoids and Saponins

The analysis of flavonoid and saponins from leaves and seeds of Foeniculum were carried out in the column chromatography by using silica gel. The columns were washed with various solvents ( Diethyl ether,n-propanol,ethanol and methanol etc.) on the basis of their polarity order.( Aritomi and Kawaski,1984: Gulfraz et al. 2004). Furthermore 100 grams of samples has provided about 10 grams of purified (Flavonoid or Saponin ) compounds.

 

Furthermore all chemicals used in this study were analytical grade (Sigma and Merck ) and were imported from abroad.


Foeniculum vulgare in the flowering season

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The results of flavonoids, saponins, proteins, amino acids, fats etc are given in the tables 1-6. Whereas comparison of various compounds in both leaves and seeds are given in figures 1-2.

 

Results obtained after analysis of leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare indicates that flavonoids , saponins, proteins, amino acid and fats were present in these samples.The leaves contained higher concentration of flavonoids and fat. Whereas the level of saponins, protein, amino acids and other organic compounds were high in seeds. (Tables 1-6 and Figs 1-2) . The seeds of Foeniculum are considered as essential ingredients for many local medicines those can used against stomach, kidney and liver infection and disorders. (Etherton, 2002: Matin et al. 2002). The organic compounds obtained from seeds will further increase the market values of these valuable medicinal plants. The younger and fresh leaves are consider as delicious and traditional vegetables in many areas of this region (Karnick,1998) . Furthermore Seeds (fruits) are being use in all most all of houses of this region for many purposes of human population, whereas leaves are mostly used as vegetables either cooked or in the form of salad.( Zaidi,1998 )

 


����������������������������������� ��� 1������������������������������������������ ��� ��2��������������������������������������� �������� 3

Figure 1. �Phytohormones (Saponin) extracted from seed of Foeniculum Vulgare.

Figure 2. �Flavonoids extracted from leaf of Foeniculum Vulgare.

Figure 3. �Proteins extracted from seeds of Foeniculum Vulgare.

 

Table 1. The Percentage (%) of different chemical compounds in leave and seeds of

Foeniculum Vulgare.

 

Chemical compounds

 

seeds

Leave

 

 

Dry matter

81.10

75.6

Total protein

24.12

18.5

Total fat

20.90

25.6

Total fiber

9.50

11.5

Total mineral

9.50

12.5

Moisture

8.90

20.5

 

Table 2 . The Percentage (%) of Saponins in leave and seeds of Foeniculum Vulgare.

 

Sample

seeds

Leave

1

31.10

25.1

2

33.12

15.5

3

30.10

25.4

4

29.50

11.9

5

19.20

12.5

6

38.16

20.6

 

Table 3. The Percentage (%) of Flovonoids in leave and seeds of Foeniculum Vulgare.

 

Sample

 

seeds

Leave

1

26.17

46.14

2

17.10

37.19

3

14.16

34.16

4

9.20

39.20

5

11..25

29.25

6

8.16

38.17

 

Table 4. The Percentage of Amino acids in leave and seeds of Foeniculum Vulgare.

Amino acids

Rf Values of

Seeds

Leave

Glycine

0.45

0.48

Lecuine

0.65

0.58

Isoleucine

0.78

0.75

Proline

0.57

0.51

Phenylanine

0.47

0.49

Tryptophane

0.58

0.52

 

Table 5. Spectrophotometeric analysis ( 470 nm) of leave of Foeniculum Vulgar after extraction of

various compounds with different solvents.

 

Solvents

Compounds

Concentration

Absorbance at470nm

PH

Diethyl ether

1

1.718

1.704

7.5

 

2

1.556

1.566

7.4

 

3

1.136

1.136

7.5

n-Propanol

1

1.398

1.308

7.3

 

2

1.657

1.655

7.45

 

3

1.771

1.701

7.6

Ethanol

1

0.413

0.388

7.2

 

2

0.351

0.272

7.1

Methanol

1

0.428

0.511

7.6

 

2

0.461

0.513

7.9

 

3

0.431

0.524

7.7

 

 

Table 6. Spectrophotometeric analysis ( at 470 nm) of seeds of Foeniculum Vulgare after extraction of

various compounds with different solvents.

 

Solvents

Compounds

Concentration

Absorbance at470nm

PH

Diethyl ether

1

1.718

1.704

7.5

 

2

1.556

1.566

7.4

 

3

1.136

1.136

7.5

n-Propanol

1

1.398

1.308

7.3

 

2

1.657

1.655

7.45

 

3

1.771

1.701

7.6

Ethanol

1

0.413

0.388

7.2

 

2

0.351

0.272

7.1

 

3

0.228

0.211

7.6

Methanol

1

0.428

0.511

7.6

 

2

0.461

0.513

7.9

 

3

0.431

0.524

7.7

 

Figure 1:- Comparison in concentration, absorbance and pH values of saponins analyzed from

Seeds of Foeniculum vulgare with different solvents.

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2:- Comparison in concentration, absorbance and pH values of Flavonoids analyzed

from leaves of Foeniculum vulgare with different solvents.

 

 


 

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