Herbals in Hepatology
Dr. Amrit
Pal Singh (Medical Executive, Ind-Swift Ltd)
Address for correspondence:
Dr Amrit Pal Singh
Mohali -160062.
Abstract
Medicinal herbs are significant source of hepatoprotective drugs. Mono and poly-herbal preparations have been used in various liver disorders. According to one estimate, more than 700 mono and poly-herbal preparations in the form of decoction, tincture, tablets and capsules from more than 100 plants are in clinical use. A drug having beneficial affect on the liver is known as hepatoprotective drug. On the other hand, drugs having toxic affect on the liver are better known as hepatotoxic drugs. Clinical research has also shown that herbals have genuine utility in the treatment of liver diseases. The article deals with investigative work done on herbals beneficial in liver and gall bladder ailments.
Introduction
The liver performs number of important functions, including
Bile production and excretion, excretion of bilirubin
(bile pigment), cholesterol (a form of fat), hormones, and drugs. metabolism of fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates, enzyme activation, storage of glycogen (stored form of glucose),
vitamins, and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and
globulin, and clotting factors and blood detoxification and purification.
Some functions are not affected by any medicinal preparation
to be much of therapeutic value. Hepato-biliary drugs
are used for increasing biliary secretions. These
groups of drugs are also known as cholagouges which
are believed to increase the secretion of bile. Precisely speaking, cholagouges help in better emptying out of the biliary tract rather then increasing bile formation and
emptying.
The main function of bile is stimulation of normal bile flow
(also known as choleresis). For achieving this
affect, drugs derived from plant source are frequently used and are popularly
known as choleretics. Cholagouges
hasten the gall-bladder emptying whereas choleretics
act specifically on liver. Bile is hurried down before it finds time to be
altered in the gut. This is affected by group of drugs known as cholagouge purgatives.
Silymarin is a potent hepatoprotecive drug having established place in hepatology practice. Silymarin is a flavonol-lignan mixture obtained from seeds of Silybum marianum. Silymarin is a mixture of silybin,
isosilybin, silychristin
and silydianin. Research on Indian medicinal
herbs like Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki) and Andrographis paniculata (kalmegh) has
thrown light on hepatoptotective activity and it is
more promising than silymarin.�����������
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Structure of Silybin (Silymarin)
The hepatoprotective activity of the drug is said
to be based on two mechanisms:
1. Silymarin alters the structure of the outer
membrane of the hepatocytes in such a way as to
prevent penetration of the liver toxin into the interior of the cell.
2. Silymarin stimulate the action of nucleolar polymerase A, resulting
in ribosomal protein synthesis and, thus stimulates the regenerative ability of
the liver and formation of new hepatocytes.
Ayurveda and Liver
Ayurveda is the oldest healthcare
system. As far as diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases is concerned, Ayurveda has its own concept. The three biological humors (vata, pitta and kapha) are
considered to play major role in pathogenesis as well as treatment of all
diseases. In Ayurveda, liver is known as ykritta. It has
been described as one of the chief organ of the human body. The major disease
described in Ayurvedic texts is Kamla, which is compared with jaundice.
According to Charka Samhita, Pandu (anemia) and kamla are related to each other.
In fact if a patient suffering from pandu keeps on consuming pitta aggravating foods, the already
disturbed pitta
further affects blood and skin resulting in kamla. The eyes, skin, mucus
membrane and nails are yellow coloured. In addition
the patient has general debility, indigestion and anorexia.
Ayurvedic texts have described
three types of kamla.
Although the Ayurvedic texts have not described
liver diseases in detail but still number of formulations have been mentioned
which have been used successfully by practitioners of Ayurveda.
These formulations are of diverse origin and may be derived from plant source
alone or herbs in combination with minerals. In following pages we will discuss
popular Ayurvedic medicinal herbs used in the
treatment of liver diseases.����� �����������������������������������������������������
S.No |
Name of formulation |
Dose |
Vehicle (if any) |
1. |
Amlakadi avleha. |
1-2 teaspoonfuls. |
|
2. |
Astadasang lauha. |
250 mg. |
Buttermilk. |
3. |
Darvyadi leha |
600 mg. |
Honey and ghee. |
4. |
Dhatri-lauha. |
250 mg. |
Honey, ghee and sucrose. |
5. |
Kamlataka lauha. |
125-600mg. |
Honey. |
6. |
Navayash lauha. |
125mg-600mg. |
Honey and ghee. |
7. |
Nisha lauha. |
250 mg. |
Honey and ghee. |
8. |
Panchamrita lauha mandoora |
75 mg- 250 mg. |
Talamahkana
(Euyrale ferox). |
9. |
Parpata arista. |
3-6 teaspoonfuls. |
Water. |
10. |
Phalatrikadi quatha. |
3-6 teaspoonfuls. |
Honey. |
11. |
Poonarnava mandoora. |
375 mg. |
Buttermilk. |
12. |
Triushna mandoora. |
375 mg. |
Buttermilk. |
13. |
Vajravataka mandoora |
1-2 tablets. |
Buttermilk. |
14. |
Vishaladi churna. |
20G ( 4 teaspoonfuls) |
Lukewarm water. |
�� Table 1: It shows
formulations mentioned in Charaka Samhita
used in the treatment of jaundice.
Herbals/ botanicals
as hepatoprotective agents
Eclipta alba
(L.) Hassk (bhringraja)
Eclipta alba is
popularly known as trailing eclipta. Eclipta alba grows
wild in moist places or on the sides on the sides of water channels. It
contains resin, alkaloid (eclipticine), and Wedelolactone (C15H10O7). Another
alkaloid, 25-�-hydroxyverazine has been reported from alcoholic extract of the Eclipta alba
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Saxena, Singh and Anand (1993) studied the hepatoprotective
effect of ethanol/ water (1:1) extract of Eclipta alba in rats against carbon tetrachloride
induced hepatotoxicity. The researchers concluded
that Eclipta alba prevented
carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity by
regulating the levels of hepatic microsomal drug
metabolizing enzymes. Singh, Chandan, Agarwal and Anand (2001) studied
in vivo hepatoprotective activity of active fractions
from ethanolic extract of Eclipta alba leaves. The extract was further
fractionized and agent with potent hepatoprotecvtive
activity was looked for. One fraction was containing wedelolactone
and other fraction was containing apigenin,
4-hydroxybenzoic acid and protocatcheuic acid. The
second fraction was found to be more active hepatoprotective.
Dixit and Achara studied
the hepatoprotective activity of Eclipta alba in guinea pigs against carbon
tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. It was
concluded that Eclipta alba has
significant hepatoprotective activity against carbon
tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity.
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle (Kutki)
Picrorhiza kurroa
is a distinguished medicinal herb of Ayurveda. It has
been described under the group of bitter drugs. It is an established herbal
remedy for variety of disease ranging from indigestion to hepatitis. Modern
clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy and safety of Picrorhiza kurroa for the treatment of liver
disease. The roots and rhizomes are used in medicinally important parts.
Powder, decoction, infusion, confection, and alcoholic extract of the drug are
prescribed in Ayurveda and Homeopathy.
The chemistry of Picrorhiza kurroa is complex. The active
constituent is known kutkin, a mixture of kutkoside and picroside.
Structure
of Kutkins (Kutkosides and Picrosides).
Picrosides are iridoid
glycosides and have been further divided into picrosides
I, II, and III. Other constituents are apocynin, andorsin, and cucurbitacin
glycosides. Pharmacologically, Kutkin (Picrosides and kutkosides) has hepatoproptective activity. Apocynin
is a potent NADPH oxidase inhibitor and has anti-oxidant and
anti-inflammatory activity.
Some herbalists have described Picrorhiza kurroa as liver herb. Today we have estimated active
constituents of the drug, which may be responsible for the hepatoprotective
activity of the drug. Most of the studies have shown Picrorhiza kurroa extract (standardized to kutkin content) has potential hepatoprotective
activity as compared to placebo.
Kutkin from Picrorhiza kurroa has
shown significant curative activity in vitro in primary cultured rat hepatocytes against toxicity induced by thioacetamide,
galactosamine, and carbon tetrachloride. Liver injury
was induced in 16 mice by thrice-a-week injection of carbon tetrachloride for
nine weeks. Eight of them were given daily feeding of Picrorhiza kurroa extract (12 mg/Kg) 10 days prior
to carbon tetrachloride injection. Control mice (n = 6) were injected with
olive oil for the same period. Serum markers of liver injury and histology of
liver tissues were studied. Hepatic glutathione, total thiol,
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase, lipid peroxidation and
plasma membrane-bound Na+/K+ ATPase were also
determined.� The extract of Picrorhiza kurroa
appears to offer significant protection against liver damage by carbon
tetrachloride. In another study, the active constituent of Picrorhiza kurroa showed a dose dependent hepatoprotective activity against oxytetracycline
induced hepatic damage in rats.
Phyllanthus niruri
Linn (Bhumyamla)
Phyllanthus niruri
is well-known Ayurvedic pant used for its beneficial
effect in liver diseases. It is folk remedy for asthma, bronchitis, anemia,
jaundice and tuberculosis. Whole plant is used in medicine. It contains lignans (phyllanthin and hyophyllanthin). Syamasundar,
Singh, Thakur, Huasin, Kiso and Hikino (1985) studied
the Hepatoprotective constituents of Phyllanthus niruri. They
isolated phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin
and tricontanal from hexane extract of Phyllanthus niruri. All
the three constituents demonstrated hepatoprotecvtive
activity. Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin
were active against carbon tetrachloride and galactosamine
induced hepatotoxicity whereas tricontanal
was active only against galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity.
Taraxacum officinale Wigg.
Taraxacum officinale
is commonly known as dandelion, loin�s teeth and fairy clock.� In Ayurveda, the
plant is known as dugdhpheni as it abounds in milky
juice.� The root of the medicinal plant
is reputed remedy for liver and gall bladder diseases in various systems of
alternative medicine. The medicinal plant contains rich amount of bitter
principles including taraxacin, taraxacerin
and lactupicrin. It also contains triterpenoids
(taraxasterol and taraxerol),
flavonoids and tetrahydrodetin
B.
Animal research has given indication that Taraxacum
officinale has no effect on bile flow. According to
European Scientific Cooperation of Phytotherapy T. officinale has demonstrated cholretic
effect in dogs and rats. However human trials indicating definite use of the
drug in liver diseases are missing.
Cichorium intybus
Linn
Cichorium intybus,
member of family Compositae and leaves of the plants
are used as salad. It contains bitter principles (Cichorin,
lactucin and intybin). In
addition it contains inulin. Kalanatri
and Rastmanesh from Ahwaz
University of Medical Science, Iran studied the hepatoprotective
potential of crude extract of Cichorium intybus. The extract was administered at doses of
25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg orally to the
mice. The extract demonstrated hepatoprotective
effect at a dose of 75mg/kg and carbon tetrachloride elevated liver enzymes
were significantly reduced as compared to control group. The drug also showed
liver tissue regenerating capacity.
Tephrosia purpurea
Pers
Tephrosia purpurea is
commonly known as Wild Indigo. In Ayurveda, it is
known as Sharpunkha, as the tip of the leaves are
pointed. In Ayurveda, the drug is especially
indicated in the treatment of enlarged spleen but animal research has
demonstrated Tephrosia purpurea to
be hepatoprotective. Root and alkali preparation (Sharpunkha-kshara) are used in medicine. It contains bioflavonoids including rutin, rotenoid and tephrosin.
Ramamurthy and Srinivisan (1993) studied the hepatoprotective effect of Tephrosia purpurea against galactosamine
and carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in experimental animals. Powder
of aerial parts was administered orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Tephrosia purpurea
inhibited the rise of SGOT, SGPT and bilirubin. The
drug also demonstrated liver tissue regenerating capacity as evident by histopatahological changes. Thus the authors concluded the
drug to be effective in acute and chronic hepatotoxicity
and the action may be due to membrane stabilizing effect on liver cells.�
Solanum nigrum
Linn
In Ayurveda the plant is known as Kakamachi. Solanum nigrum is a small herb growing in waste and shady
places. Whole plant and berries are used in medicine. The fruit contains four glyco-alklaoids including Solamargine,
solasonine or solanine and solanigrine. Solamargine and solasonine are present in leaves also.� Sultana, Perwaiz, Iqbal and Athar (1995)
demonstrated the antioxidant activity of crude extract of Solanum nigrum and Cichorium intybus. The drugs inhibited the free
radical mediated DNA damage. According to Authors, free radical scavenging
activity of Solanum nigrum and Cichorium intybus may
account for there hepatoprotective activity.
Raju, Anbuganpathi,
Gokulakrishan, Rajkapoor, Jayakar and Manian (2003) studied
the hepatoprotective effect of ethnaolic
extract of Solanum nigrum
against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity.
They evaluated the effect by studying biochemical and histopatalogical
parameters. According to authors the extract demonstrated significant hepatoprotective effect.
Andrographis paniculata Nees
Andrographis paniculata is
well known medicinal plant for its usefulness in liver diseases. In Ayurveda it is known as Bhunimba
or Kalmegha. It is used as bitter tonic and
febrifuge. Because of bitter taste it is popularly known king of bitters. It
contains diterpene lactones (Andrographolide,
neoandrographolide and kalmeghin).
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Structure of Andrographolide
Shukla, Visen, Patnaik and Dhawan (1992) studied the cholretic
activity of Androgrpaholide. The diterpene
lactone produced dose dependent chloretic
effect evidenced by increase in bile flow, bile salt and bile acids in animal
models. The cholretic effect of Andrographis paniculata was found to be better than silymarin. According to Trivedi
and Rawal (2001), alcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata
demonstrated significant hepatoprotective activity
against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity.
The fact was further supported at morphological, biochemical and functional
parameters.
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.
In Ayurveda it is known as Punarnava
and commonly known as spreading hogweed.�
It is found throughout
Curcuma longa Linn.
Curcuma longa commonly known as turmeric is another plant which has got scientists
attention as novel hepatoprotective agent. Dried
rhizomes are used in medicine. It is cultivated throughout
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Curcuminoids have shown to be antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Hepatoprotective activity can be ascribed to antioxidant
activity.
Glychyrrhiza glabra Linn.
Glychyrrhiza glabra is popularly known as licorice. In Ayurveda,
it is known as Yastimadhu which signifies sweet taste
of the drug. The roots are used in medicine. It contains glycosides including glychyrrhizin, glycyramarin, isoliquiritin and isoliquiritin. Glychyrrhizin is the sweet principle of licorice and is
fifty times sweeter than sugar. Other components include asparagine,
resin and estrogen steroid. Glychyrrhizin is anti
viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic. Recent work in
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Structure of Glychyrrhizin
Berberis aristata DC
Berberis aristata, commonly known as Indian Barberry is important medicinal plant of Ayurveda and Western herbal medicine. In Ayurveda it is known as Daruharidra.
Rasaut is semisolid watery extract obtained from Berberis aristata. The
plant is used as hepatic stimulant and chalogouge.
Chemically it contains alkaloids (berberine, berbamine and oxycanthine),
tannins, gum and resin.
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Structure of Berberine
Sida rhombifolia Linn
Sida rhombifolia (Atibala)
is one of the five plants described under �Bala� drug
of Ayurveda. It is commonly known as Alkali
Traditionally it used as antirheumatic, astringent
and demulcent. It is reported to contain an alkaloid (ephedrine) and
mucilage.
Rao and Mishra (1997) studied the hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of various
parts and aqueous extract of Sida rhombifolia. The animals were rendered hepatotoxic by treatment with carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol and rifampicin.
Inflammation was induced by carrageenan. The aerial
parts and there aqueous extract demonstrated significant hepatoprotective
activity whereas methanolic extract of aerial parts
demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity. It was concluded that hepatoprotevtive activity of the drug can de due to free
radical scavenging activity.
Swertia chirata Ham.
Swertia chirata is known as Kiratatikta
in Ayurveda. The infusion was once a time a popular
remedy for convalescence from a severe illness. It is also used in the
treatment of loss of appetite. Whole plant is used in medicine. It contains
bitter glycosides including amarogentin and gentiopicrin and xanthones. Mukherjee, Sur and Maiti (1997) reported hepatoprotective
activity of Swertia chirata in
rats.
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Emblica officinalis Gaertn
Emblica officinalis,
commonly known as Indian Gooseberry or Emblic myrobalan. It is important ingredient of Triphala, famous Ayurvedic remedy for constipation. Fruits are used in
medicine. Emblica officinalis
is considered to the best source of Ascorbic acid (vitamin C). In addition, it
contains gallic acid, tannic acid, albumin and
calcium. The bark contains leukodelphinidin and procyanidin. The fruit contains alkaloids phyllantidine and phyllanthine.
Aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis
has significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective
activity. The extract was found to be potent inhibitor of lipid peroxide
formation of scavenger of hydroxyl and super oxide radicals.
Spirulina platensis
Spirulina is a blue green alga growing in fresh
water. Spirulina
is widely prescribed in anemia. It has curative effect on inflammatory disease
of liver and pancreas. It contains vitamins A, C, E and B-complex,
-carotene and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Vadiraja,
Gaikwad and Madyastha
(1998) studied the effect of C-phycocyanin on carbon
tetrachloride and R-(+) - pulegone induced liver
damage. Intraperitoneal administration of single dose
of phycocyanin in a dose of 200mg/kg one to three
hours prior to carbon tetrachloride and R-(+) - pulegone,
demonstrated significant hepatoprotective activity.
Eucalyptus terelicomis
Ursolic acid isolated from leaves
of Eucalyptus terelicomis demonstrated hepatoprotective
effect against thiacetamide, galactosamine
and carbon tetrachloride in rats. Pretreatment with ursolic
acid increased the viability of liver cells. In large doses, ursolic acid demonstrated choleretic
effect. Further the authors concluded that hepatoprotective
activity of ursolic acid was comparable to silymarin.
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Structure of Ursolic acid
Tecoma undulata
G.Don
In Ayurveda it is used in the
treatment of enlarged spleen, hence the name plihaghana (pliha = spleen). It is also
prescribed in liver diseases. Rohitkarishta is formulation based on the plant.
Achyranthes aspera Linn
Achyranthes aspera is
small herb which grows all over
Conclusion: From
the work cited in the article it can be concluded that herbals/ botanicals have
usefulness in the treatment of diseases like hepatitis, jaundice, and loss of
appetite. Animal research has thrown light on possible hepatoprotective
mechanism of herbals. Ayurvedic drugs have promising
profile as far as drug development from natural source is concerned. One can
expect herbal drugs to acts as lead compound for development of economical,
effective and non toxic hepatoprotective agents.
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