Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 499-505. 2008.

 

 

Plant Inventory in Disturbed and Undisturbed Sites of Pachakumachi Hill (Highwavys Mountains), Cumbum Valley, Western Ghats, Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India

 

Jegan, G., ** and Muthuchelian, K.*

 

Centre for Biodiversity and Forest studies, Department of Bioenergy

School of Energy, Environmental and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj University

Madurai � 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author: drchelian1960@yahoo.co.in

**First Author: jeganmku@yahoo.co.in

 

Issued 13 July 2008

 

Abstract

����������� Disturbances play an important role in the determination of species diversity. As an exception, undisturbed areas (VS) possess lower number of species compared to disturbed areas (TS). The richness of family is not affected by disturbance. The number of individuals decreases from undisturbed to disturbed sholas. Lauraceae is the abundant family not respect to the disturbances.

Key Words: Disturbance, Lauraceae, sholas, Western Ghats.

 

Introduction

����������� Tropical forests occupy ca. 7% of the earth�s area (Myers 1984). In India, they occupy ca. 84% of the total forest cover (637293 Km2) which is 19.39% of the total geographical area. Tropical evergreen forests face a serious threat, both natural as well as anthropogenic. Due to the disturbances many species have become endangered. This implies a poor regeneration potential of the tree species. Thus, the need to set priorities for conservation of tree diversity has become inevitable. Identification of conservation areas ideally requires exhaustive knowledge of species and ecosystem diversity and distribution (Menon et al. 2001). Primary forests of Asia, particularly those of the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats of peninsular India are disappearing at an alarming rate due to anthropogenic activities and are replaced by forests comprising inferior species or their land use pattern changed (Parthasarathy 1999). Many of the quantitative plant biodiversity inventories have been conducted in species rich forests and data on species- poor forests are inadequate (Johnston and Gillman, 1992). Disturbance is one of the major factors to influence the distribution pattern of biodiversity (Ma 1995). Quantitative plant biodiversity inventories of Indian tropical forests are available from various forests of Western Ghats (Sukumar et al. 1992; Ganesh et al. 1996; Pascal and Pelissier 1996; Ghate et al. 1998; Parthasarathy 1999; Parthasarathy and Karthikeyan 1997a; Ayyapan and Parthasarathy 1999). But there were no quantitative plant biodiversity inventories on forests of Pachakumachi hills. The disappearance of tropical forests comes at a time when our knowledge on their structure and dynamics is woefully inadequate (Hubbell and Foster 1992).

 

Materials and Methods:

Study Site:

����������� This study was carried out in Pachakumachi hill. The four sites were 7km away from each other. Krishkad Shola (KS), Thundu Shola (TS), Vattaparai Shola (VS) and Manalar Shola (MS) were the sites selected for our study. The study sites were situated in Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India lies between 9� 35� to 9� 45� N latitude and 77� 15� to 77� 27� E at an altitude of .1700 m. The annual rainfall of Pachakumachi hill was 2700 mm. The high temperature was noted in the month June (31.C and lower temperature in January (18. C). The humidity was 95%. The dominant fauna found in Pachakumachi were elephant, tiger, wild dog, bison and deer.

 

Field Methods

����������� Our plot 0.2 ha (100x 20 m) of largely mature phase forest was investigated in each of the four �shola� forest sites. The plots were permanently marked and each subdivided into twenty 10x 10 m quadrats to facilitate quantitative biodiversity inventory. All trees with = 30 cm GBH were taken into account their girth was measured at 1.3 m. All trees were identified from their vegetative and reproductive features with the help of regional flora of Gamble and Fischer (1915- 1938) and the field key of Pascal and Ramesh (1987). The diversity indices were calculated by using Biodiversity Pro Beta version (Mc Aleece 1997).

 

Results

Species Richness and Diversity

����������� The diversity was present in the following order; KS> VS>TS>MS (Table 1). In the total 0.8 ha of study plot, 50 tree species were found. The number of species was high in KS, and lower number of species was marked in MS. The number of individuals was more in KS (556) and less number of individuals in MS (262) (Table 2).

 

Family Diversity

����������� Lauraceae was the largest family in all four sites. They were represented by large number of genera and species. Many families were represented by only one genus and one species, among them Verbenaceae was found in lesser number (9 individuals) (Table 3).

 

Discussion

����������� The results of our study go hand in hand with other studies from India on disturbance. The disturbed area has a low number of species and a low number of individuals. But VS (undisturbed) has low number of species when compared to TS (disturbed). But VS is supported by diversity indices. Our results also go hand in hand with the results of Chittibabu & Parthasarathy (2000).

 

Table1. Diversity indices of four sites of Pachakumachi hills.

 

Variables

KS

TS

VS

MS

Shannon

2.55

2.44

2.52

2.26

Simpson

0.066

0.028

0.041

0.042

Alpha

11.71

37.59

16.99

13.48

Berker

0.18

0.14

0.13

0.23

Hill H0

14.05

12.25

13.6

11

Hill H1

52.22

50.01

56.66

37.73

Hill H2

0.0022

0.0082

0.0042

0.002

Margaleff

11.92

12.20

9.81

9.53

Mackintosh Distance (U)

0.93

0.93

0.90

1.55

Mackintosh Diversity (D)

1.19

1.2631

1.22

1.19

Mackintosh Evenness (E)

1.14

1.13

1.16

1.12

 

 

Table 2. Population density of tree species � 30 cm GBH encountered in each 0.2 ha plot of sites KS, TS, VS and MS and in total 0.8 ha of tropical evergreen forest in Pachakumachi Hill.

 

S. No.

Species

KS

TS

VS

MS
  1.  

Nothopegia vajarvelui Ravikumar and Lakshmanan.

8

 

 

11
  1.  

N. beddomei Gamble.

12

9

13

 
  1.  

Miliusa wightiana Hook f.

23

10

17

11
  1.  

S. racemosa Harms.

21

9

10

9
  1.  

Bhesa indica (Bedd) Ding.Hou

20

9

25

5
  1.  

V. monosis C.B.Clarke.

6

9

20

7
  1.  

V. travancorica Hook.f

21

10

18

8
  1.  

Diospyros angustifolia (Miq) Loesterm.

18

6

18

7
  1.  

Cullenia exarillata A. Robyns.

40

7

 

 
  1.  

D. ovalifolia Wight.

17

7

22

27
  1.  

Elaeocarpus munronii (Wt.) Masters.

6

 

13

6
  1.  

E. serratus Linn.

 

6

20

6
  1.  

Agrostistachys meeboldii Pax & Hoffm.

 

7

17

6
  1.  

Croton lacciferus Linn

6

6

9

5
  1.  

Glochidion malabaricum Bedd.

5

6

14

8
  1.  

Mallotus albus Muell.

8

9

 

7
  1.  

M. tetracoccus (Roxb) Kurz.

16

8

12

9
  1.  

Flacourtia montana Graham.

56

7

13

 
  1.  

Mesua ferrea Linn

35

14

15

15
  1.  

Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble.

8

9

14

9
  1.  

Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees

 

 

17

10
  1.  

Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) Berchrh & Presl.

8

8

13

 
  1.  

C. zeylanicum Blume.

14

9

 

10
  1.  

Litsea oleoides (Meisner) Hook. f

4

7

17

11
  1.  

Neolitsea scrobiculata (Meisner) Gamble.

3

7

4

11
  1.  

Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm.

7

 

 

9
  1.  

Phoebe wightii Meisner.

2

9

9

8
  1.  

Michelia nilagirica Zenk.

 

8

 

12
  1.  

Trichilia connaroides (Wt & Arn) Benth.

19

 

9

 
  1.  

Ficus tomentosa Roxb.

11

11

 

 
  1.  

F. retusa Linn.

9

10

9

 
  1.  

Myristica dactyloides Gaerbn.

8

14

 

8
  1.  

Ardisia blatteri Gamble

10

 

16

 
  1.  

Syzygium myhenrae Gamble.

10

7

 

 
  1.  

S. sriganesanii Ravikumar and Lakshmanan.

4

 

 

 
  1.  

S. tamilnadensis Radhakrishnan and Chitra

12

 

10

 
  1.  

S. zeylanicum (L) Dc. var megamalayanum Ravikumar and Lakshmanan

3

8

 

11
  1.  

Ochna obtusata Dc. var obtusata

7

 

6

 
  1.  

Chionanthus ramiflora Roxb.

8

 

4

 
  1.  

Ligustrum roxburgii C.B. Clarke

14

12

 

 
  1.  

Pygeum wightianum Bl.

11

 

 

 
  1.  

Canthium neilgherrense Wt.

 

 

10

 
  1.  

Clausena indica Oliver

10

 

 

 
  1.  

Meliosma simplicifolia (R) Walp.

 

13

 

7
  1.  

Turpinia malabarica Gamble

 

10

 

 
  1.  

Symplocos cochinchinesis (Lour) Moore

6

12

 

 
  1.  

Gordonia obtusa Wall.

 

 

13

 
  1.  

Celtis tetrandra Roxb.

50

 

25

 
  1.  

Debregeasia longifolia (Burn.f) Weed

 

10

 

 
  1.  

Callicarpa tomentosa (L) Murray

 

 

 

9

 

Table 3. Genus, species and density of four sites.

 

Species

KS

TS

VS

MS

G

S

Density

G

S

Density

G

S

Density

G

S

Density

Anacardiaceae

1

2

20

1

1

9

1

1

13

1

1

11

Annonaceae

1

1

23

1

1

10

1

1

17

1

1

11

Araliaceae

1

1

21

1

1

9

1

1

10

1

1

9

Asteraceae

1

2

27

1

2

19

1

2

38

1

2

15

Bombacaceae

1

1

40

1

1

7

-

-

-

-

-

-

Celasteraceae

1

1

20

1

1

9

1

1

25

1

1

5

Ebenaceae

1

2

35

1

2

13

1

2

40

1

6

34

Elaeocarpaceae

1

1

6

1

1

6

1

2

33

1

2

12

Euphorbiaceae

3

4

35

4

5

36

4

4

52

4

5

35

Flacourtiaceae

1

1

56

1

1

7

1

1

13

-

-

-

Guttiferae

1

1

35

1

1

14

1

1

15

1

1

15

Lauraceae

6

7

46

5

6

49

6

6

74

7

7

68

Magnoliaceae

-

-

-

1

1

8

-

-

-

1

1

12

Meliaceae

1

1

19

-

-

-

1

1

9

-

-

-

Moraceae

1

2

20

1

2

21

1

1

9

-

-

-

Myristicaceae

1

1

8

1

1

14

-

-

-

1

1

8

Myrsinaceae

1

1

10

-

-

-

1

1

16

-

-

-

Myrtaceae

1

4

29

1

2

15

1

1

10

1

1

11

Ochnaceae

1

1

7

-

-

-

1

1

6

-

-

-

Oleaceae

2

2

22

1

1

12

1

1

4

-

-

-

Rosaceae

1

1

11

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Rubiaceae

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

10

-

-

-

Rutaceae

1

1

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Sabiaceae

-

-

-

1

1

13

-

-

-

1

1

7

Staphylocaceae

-

-

-

1

1

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

Symplocaceae

1

1

6

1

1

12

-

-

-

-

-

-

Ternstromaceae

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

13

-

-

-

Ulmaceae

1

1

50

-

-

-

1

1

25

-

-

-

Uriticaceae

-

-

-

1

1

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

Verbenaceae

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

9

Total

31

40

556

28

34

303

28

31

432

24

28

262

 

Acknowledgements

���������� We thank UGC for their financial support of this project. We also thank Selvam for his help during the field study. Our sincere thanks to Tamil Nadu Forest Department for their permission.

 

References

 

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Chittibabu, C.V. & Parthasarathy, N. (2000) Attenuated tree species diversity in human-impacted tropical evergreen forest sites at Kolli hills, Eastern Ghats, India. Biodiversity and Conservation, 9, 1493- 1519.

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