Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 171-88. 2009. Ethnobotanical
Survey of Sariska and Siliserh Regions from Alwar 1S.C. Jain*, 2R.
Jain and 1R. Singh 1Medicinal Plants and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, 2Department
of Chemistry, *
Corresponding author’s e-mail: Issued Abstract The aim of present survey is to identify and document the plants used
amongst the indigenes of Sariska and Siliserh regions of Alwar district from Keywords: Ethnomedicinal survey, Sariska and Siliserh, Alwar District, Rajasthan. Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) Traditional Medical Programme (Farnsworth et al., 1985) has provided the evidence that ethnomedical information can lead to valuable drug discovery. A total of 122 compounds, 80% of which were used for the same or related ethnomedical purposes, were derived from 94 species of plants (Ajibesin et al., 2008). Several active compounds have been discovered from plants on the basis of ethnomedical information and used directly as patented drugs. Maprouneacin isolated from Maprounnea africana is used as an antidiabetic agent (Carney et al., 1999), taxol, obtained from Taxus breviflora, is used as an antitumor drug (Samuelsson 1992) and artimisinin, discovered from Artemisia annua, is used as a potent antimalarial compound (Klayman 1993). In Rajasthan State, many ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plant resources have been carried out by Kirtikar and Basu (1984), Joshi (1995), Katewa and Guria (1997), Singh and Pandey (1998), Katewa et al. (2001, 2004), Jain et al. (2004) but the serial documentation of various areas is still lacking. The aim of present study is to document properly the biodiversity of medicinal flora of targeted regions to provide safety and efficacy information to encourage the preservation of culture, tradition, conservation and sustainable utilization of plant wealth occurring in the area. Study areas Alwar District is situated in the north-eastern part of Rajasthan at Bharatpur
district in the north-east, Jaipur
in the south-west, Gurgaon
(Haryana) in the north, Mahendragarh
district (Haryana) in the north-west and Sawai-Madhopur
district in the south.
As of 2001 India census, Alwar had a population of 160,245. Males constitute
53% of the population and females 47%. Alwar has an average literacy rate of
73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 59% of the males and 41%
of females literate. The district has a dry
climate with hot summer, a cold winter and a short monsoon season.
During summers the maximum temperature is around 41ºC and minimum is
around 28ºC and in winters maximum temperature is ~ 23ºC and minimum ~ 8ºC.
The normal annual rainfall in the district is 57.77 cms with 70% average
humidity. The sandy soil and bright sunlight are the two important natural
resources abundantly available in this region which are responsible for for
the development of the desert vegetation having variable medicinal
properties. Sariska National Park is located in Alwar district (27º35’N and
76º39’E) in the eastern part of the State of Rajasthan. The park covers an
area of 800 km2 including 480 km2 in the core area and
320 km2 in the buffer zone. Sariska National Park, which is a Project Tiger reserve, also boasts
of many other species, including rare birds and plants. Being located on the desert land of Rajasthan, the flora
and fauna of Sariska is characterized by scrub-thorn arid forests, dry
deciduous forests, rocks and scanty grasses spread over the hills and narrow
valleys of the Aravalli hill range. Enroute to Sariska, 12 km2 south west of Alwar is the water places of Siliserh with a lake surrounded by low, wooded hills. The lake was built in 1845 A.D. by constructing an earthern dam between two hills to store the water of a small tributary of river Ruparel. When full, the total water spread covers an area of about 10 sq. km2. Adorned with domed cenotaphs, Siliserh lake is picturesquely set amidst the forested slopes of Aravalli hills. Previously Singh (2002; Table 1) and Yadav (2005) worked on the ethnobotanical survey of the flora of different regions of Alwar district but this was the first attempt in these selected areas. Methodology For documentation of the available medicinal flora, ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 2006-2008, randomly selected villages following the procedure as described by Jain (1967). These specimens were collected and identified by one of the author Prof. S. C. Jain and confirmed by Herbarium, Botany Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur and also with the help of published data (Jain, 1991; Kirtikar and Basu, 1984; Shetty and Singh, 1987). Using the standard protocol (Muthu et al., 2006), collected voucher specimens were pressed, dried, mounted, prepared and preserved for further reference. Questionnaires were used during field surveys to collect information from the villagers. A total of 100 inhabitants, of which 70 were men and 30 were women were interviewed. For traditional uses of medicinal plants questions were asked to elder and key informants. Repeated queries were made to get the data confirmed. Results from the field surveys were rechecked and compared with literature. Results A total of 110 species of medicinal plants representing 88 genera and 43 families employed in the literature as traditional medical practice have been recorded from the studied regions (Plate 1), that are used to treat a variety of human and animals (Table 2). The highest number of medicinal plant species belong to the families Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae (9 species); Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae and Malvaceae (7 species) and Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae (5 species). These plants have different growth habits which include herbs (63.63%), shrubs (20.90%) and trees (10.90%). This study established that many different parts of the medicinal plant species are used as medicine (root, stem, leaves, whole plant, flowers, bark, etc.) but the most commonly used plant part was leaf (23.02%), followed by whole plant (17.98 %), root (17.26%) and seed (12.23 %). These plant parts have been used as medicine more because leaf, root and whole plant may contain more active principle(s) in comparison to wood, twigs, pods, berries, and latex. In total 99, medicinal plants were found to be used to wounds, menstrual trouble, urinary complaints, dysentery, inflammation, asthma, ulcers, rheumatism, skin-diseases, gonorrhea, fever, scabies, gastric disorder, malaria, elephantiasis, etc. Discussion In drug discovery, ethnobotanical and ethnomedical information has been found to be one of the reliable approaches and several active compounds have been discovered from plants on the basis of this information (Carney et al., 1999; Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001; Ajibesin et al., 2008). This knowledge is however dwindling rapidly due to changes towards a more western lifestyle, overexploitation of plant resources, modern agricultural practices,, cultural changes within the community, construction of new small dams, rapid shift towards the allopathic medicine, and the spread of housing colonies and modern education lead to the destruction of not only the habitats of medicinal plants but also vanishing of traditional knowledge and medicinal plant species are threatened day by day in the area. This survey and lack of information obtained about traditional uses of plants exhibited that rural people in the studied area are not using the plants to treat various diseases. This indicates that the use of traditional plant-based medicine is losing rapidly. People are practicing traditional medicine based on what they currently understand about the system and there is also a possibility that people will use this knowledge in the future even in remote areas. Many plant species have become threatened due to habitat loss as a result of rapid urbanization. During the survey, it was observed that people were hesitant in disclosing their knowledge. It is this knowledge that provides them recognition in the society and hence they do not want to share it. In many cases, it was also found that a bit of this knowledge has been lost during transmission in folklore from one generation to other. The villagers themselves said that, compared to them their forefathers knew much more. Due to recent global shift towards herbal medicines, the pressure on the plant resources in nature have increased and the market is also fast expanding. Therefore, the results of this survey can be incorporated into future conservation management plans for threatened medicinal plants. Further, the local people should participate in problem formulation and decision making process for the conservation strategies. Acknowledgements Authors are highly thankful to Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India, for providing financial support and facilities for this research work. We are indebted to the rural community and people of region for sharing their valuable knowledge with us during the course of this study. References
C, Climber; T, Tree; H, Herb; S, Shrub
Plate 1: Photographs showing the study regions, conversation with tribals and data collection by author. |
Table 2: Ethnomedicinal plants from the
Sariska and Silisher regions of Alwar district from Rajasthan, India |
|||||||
Plant name |
Family
& Habit |
Herbarium
number & availability in study area |
Common name |
Part used |
Key
ailments |
Traditional
preparations |
References |
1. Abutilon
asiaticum G. Don |
Malvaceae
(H) |
149 (+) |
Kanghi |
Rt |
Tonic,
piles |
- |
- |
2. A.
indicum (L.) Sw. |
Malvaceae (H) |
8 (+) |
Kanghi |
Lvs,
Bk, Sd, Rt |
Fever,
laxative |
Leaf
and root juice are taken orally to treat dental problems |
Muthu
et al., 2006 |
3. Acacia
nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile |
Mimosaceae (T) |
5 (++) |
Babul
|
Gm,
Bk |
Diorrhoea,
dysentery, diabetes |
Powder
of bark is applied externally in ulcers |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
4. A.
senegal (L.) Willd. |
Mimosaceae (T) |
11 (++) |
Kumta |
Gm |
Burns,
sore nipples, nodular leprosy |
Gum
is used internally in inflammation of intestinal mucosa and externally to
cover inflamed surfaces as burns, sore nipples and nodular leprosy |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
5. Acalypha
ciliata Forssk. |
Euphorbiaceae (H) |
150 (++) |
- |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt |
Cuts
and wounds, bronchitis, rheumatism |
Leaf
paste is applied to ulcers |
Panda,
2000 |
6. A.
indica L. |
Euphorbiaceae (H) |
154 (+++) |
Kho-kali |
Lvs,
Wp |
Bronchitis,
pneumonia, asthma, skin disease |
Decoction
of leaves mixed with common salt is applied to scabies |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
7. A.
lanceolata Willd. |
Euphorbiaceae (H) |
156 (+) |
- |
Lvs,
Wp |
Antiseptic,
vermicide, carminative |
Leaf
paste is applied externally on boils, sores and swellings |
Chandel
et al., 1996 |
8. Achyranthes
aspera L. |
Amaranthaceae (H) |
7 (+++) |
Latjira |
Wp,
Rt, Sd |
Asthma,
fever, cough |
One
teaspoon powder of whole plant is taken with warm water for pneumonia |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
9. Actiniopteris
radiata (SW.) Link. |
Actiniopteridaceae (F) |
164 (+) |
Morphanki |
Wp |
Styptic,
anthelmintic |
Powdered
whole plant along with seed of Ocimum
americanum given for Antifertility |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
10. Adhatoda
zeylanica Medic. |
Acanthaceae (S) |
133 (++++) |
Adusa |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt |
Fever,
jaundice, whooping cough, glandular tumors |
Leaf
and wood ashes mixed with honey used for cough and asthma; Juice mixed with
juice of Feronia limonia cures nose
bleeding |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
11. Aerva
javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex
Schult. |
Amaranthaceae (H) |
10 (++) |
Bui |
Fl,
Sd |
Headache,
rheumatism |
Woolly
seeds stuffed in pillows to relieve headache and protective against
rheumatism |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
12. Albizzia
lebbeck Benth. |
Fabaceae (T) |
166 (+) |
Siris |
Lvs,
Bk, Fl |
Boils,
eruption, leprous ulcers |
Leaf
juice is used as eye drops for night blindness |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
13. Alternanthera
pungens Kunth |
Amaranthaceae (H) |
167 (+) |
Kunth |
Wp |
Diuretic |
Decoction
of whole plant is used in gonorrhea |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
14. Alysicarpus
vaginalis DC. |
Fabaceae (H) |
168 (+) |
Bela |
Rt |
Cough |
Roots
for treatment of irregular menses |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
15. Anisomeles
indica (L.) Kuntze |
Lamiaceae (H) |
14 (++) |
Rantil |
Wp,
Sd oil |
Carminative,
tonic, uterine affections |
Crushed
leaves applied to neck of bullock to cure inflammation caused by cart pulling |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
16. Anogeissus
pendula Edgew. |
Combretaceae (T) |
169 (+) |
Dhaunkra |
Ap |
Diuretic,
cardiovascular |
Decoction
of bark is given for gastric disorder |
Jain
et al., 2005 |
17. Apluda mutica L. |
Poaceae (G) |
170 (+) |
Tamtabheda |
Wp |
Skin-diseases |
Poultice
of whole plant is used to cure mouth sores of cattle |
Katewa
et al., 2001 |
18. Argemone
mexicana L. |
Papaveraceae (H) |
135 (++) |
Pilikateli |
Lvs,
rt, Sd |
Skin
diseases, cutaneous affections, snake-bite |
Seeds
are poured in ‘Mahua oil’ and are applied to eczema and itching |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
19. Barleria
prionitis L. |
Acanthaceae (H) |
138 (++) |
Bajardanti |
Lvs,
Rt, Bk |
Cough,
toothache |
Twigs
as toothbrush; Decoction of whole plant as health tonic ; Leaves to relieve
pain |
Singh,
2004 |
20. Bidens
biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherrif. |
Asteraceae (H) |
171 (+) |
Chirchitta |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt, Fl, Sd |
Leprosy,
skin diseases, tumors, anthelmintic |
Juice
of leaves applied to heal ulcers and to cure eye and ear complaints |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
21. Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson |
Asteraceae (H) |
172 (+) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
22. Boerhavia
diffusa L. |
Nyctaginaceae (H) |
19 (+++) |
Punarnava |
Rt |
Asthma |
Leaves
boiled with rice, garlic and water are rubbed on body for rheumatism |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
23. Borreria articularis (L. f.) F. N.
Williams |
Rubiaceae (H) |
17 (++) |
Bagrakote
jungle |
Sd,
Rt |
Earache,
blindness, dysentery, stimulant, kill tooth-worms |
Crushed
leaves used in stomach pain |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
24. B.
stricta auct. |
Rubiaceae (H) |
173 (+) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
25. Butea
monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. |
Fabaceae (T) |
139 (++++) |
Dhak |
St,
Bk, Fl, Gm, Lvs |
Anthelmintic,
astringent, dysentery, leucorrhoea |
Stem
paste is applied on the affected parts for cuts and wounds; Bark paste is
applied locally on the affected portion of body |
Katewa
et al., 2004 |
26. Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. |
Asclepiadaceae (S) |
38 (+++) |
Aakada |
Rt,
Lvs, Fl, Lt, Bk |
Dysentry,
cough, asthma |
Decoction
of root bark along with black pepper is used twice a day for 3 day for
malarial fever |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
27. Cardiospermum
halicacabum L. |
Sapindaceae (C) |
174 (+) |
Kanphuti |
Wp,
Rt, Lvs |
Rheumatism,
laxative, nervous diseases, earache |
Powdered
leaves used externally for healing wounds |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
28. Carissa
carandas L. |
Apocynaceae (T) |
143 (+) |
Karunda |
Lvs,
Rt, Ft |
Insect
repellent, hypotensive dropsy, anasarca madness |
Paste
of root bark useful in diabetic ulcer |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
29. Cassia
alata L. |
Caesalpiniaceae (S) |
175 (++) |
Datkapat |
Lvs,
Bk |
Diuretic,
insect repellant, laxative, anti-inflammatory |
Leaves
decoction is used for skin-diseases |
Ajibesin
et al., 2008 |
30. C.
tora L. |
Caesalpiniaceae (H) |
140 (+++) |
Chakunda |
Lvs,
Sd |
Laxative,
skin-disease, ring-worm |
Powdered
leaves boiled in water to make decoction and externally used for
skin-diseases |
Ajibesin
et al., 2008 |
31. Cayratia
carnosa (Wall.) Gagnep. ex Wight |
Vitaceae (S) |
176 (+) |
Amar-bel |
Ap,
Rt |
Depressant |
Root
given in anaemic conditions |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
32. Celosia
argentea L. |
Amaranthaceae (H) |
177 (+) |
Sufaid
murgha |
Sd |
Mouth
sores, eye diseases, diarrhoea |
20
g crushed seeds is taken orally for ovarian and uterus diseases |
Katewa
et al., 2004 |
33. Citrullus
colocynthis (L.) Schrad. |
Cucurbitaceae (H) |
28 (+) |
Indrayan |
Rt,
Ft |
Purgative,
jaundice, rheumatism |
Root
paste and Ashgandh mixed with honey is administered orally for rheumatism |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
34. Cleome
viscosa L. |
Capparaceae (H) |
178 (++) |
Hulhul |
Wp,
Lvs |
Headache,
boils |
Leaf
paste is applied topically to heal wounds |
Muthu
et al., 2006 |
35. Coccinia
cordifolia Cogn. |
Cucurbitaceae (H) |
179 (+) |
Kanduri |
Lvs,
Rt |
Skin-eruption |
Juice
of rots and leaves is used to treat diabetes |
Akhtar
et al., 2007 |
36. Cocculus
hirsutus (L.) Diels |
Menispermaceae (C) |
180 (+) |
Jamti-ki-bel |
Lvs,
Rt, St |
Fever,
rheumatism, cooling, laxative |
Powdered
leaves mixed with water and applied to eyes giving cooling effect |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
37. Commelina
forskali L. |
Commelinaceae (H) |
33 (+++) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
38. Corchorus
aestuans L. |
Tiliaceae (H) |
181 (++) |
- |
Wp,
Sd |
Anticancer,
cardiotonic |
Paste
of seeds is given with warm cow milk to relieve congestion in chest |
Prusti
and Behera, 2007 |
39. Crotalaria
medicaginea Lam. |
Fabaceae (H) |
32 (+++) |
Gulabi |
Wp,
Sd |
Scabies,
impetigo |
Seed
decoction is given toxaemia |
Trivedi,
2002 |
40. Croton
bonplandianum Baill. |
Euphorbiaceae (H) |
46 (++) |
Ban-tulsi |
Wp,
Lvs, Lt |
Itch,
scabies |
Latex
used to heal cuts and wounds |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
41. Datura
fastuosa L. |
Solanaceae (S) |
54 (+++) |
Datura |
Wp,
Lvs, Sd |
Insanity,
fever, cerebral complications, skin-diseases, swellings |
Leaves
smoked to cure cough |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
42. Digera
muricata (L.) Mart |
Amaranthaceae (H) |
52 (++) |
Latmahuria |
Lvs |
Laxative, urinary
discharges, boils |
Leaf
paste is applied locally to prevent the pus formation |
Katewa
et al., 2004 |
43. Dipteracanthus
prostratus (Poir.) Nees |
Acanthaceae (H) |
49 (++) |
Kalighavani |
Wp,
Fl |
Hypoglycaemic,
anticancer, ear-diseases |
Plant
decoction is used as ear maladies |
Chandel
et al., 1996 |
44. Eucalyptus
camaldulensis Dehnh. |
Myrtaceae (T) |
57 (+++) |
Safeda |
Lvs,
oil |
Antibacterial,
cuts, skin-diseases, diarrhoea |
Leaf
essential oil can be gargled for sore throat |
Chevallier,
1996 |
45. Euphorbia
caducifolia Haines |
Euphorbiaceae (T) |
157 (++) |
Dandathor |
Lt,
rt |
Cough,
skin-blisters |
Root
decoction is used as effective abortifacient at initial stages |
Ross,
2003 |
46. E.
hirta L. |
Euphorbiaceae (H) |
58 (++) |
Dudhi |
Wp,
Lt |
Cough,
ring-worm, injury |
About
20 leaves are crushed and the extract is given orally with honey once a day
in the morning for leucorrhoea |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
47. E.
thymifolia L. |
Euphorbiaceae (H) |
182 (+) |
Choti-dudhi |
Lvs,
Sd |
Laxative,
bowel complaints |
Extract
of whole plant to cure small pox |
Jadhav,
2006 |
48. Ficus
carica L. |
Moraceae (T) |
183 (+) |
Anjir |
Wp,
Ft, Lt |
Laxative,
anticancer, anaemia, anthelmintic |
Exudates
are applied externally on ringworm thrice daily |
Trivedi,
2002 |
49. Gisekia
pharnaceoides L. |
Aizoaceae (H) |
64 (+) |
Balu
ka sag |
Wp |
Female
diseases, defective semen, destroys fat, malfunctioning of sex organs |
Plant
extract to kill roundworms |
Singh,
2004 |
50. Gloriosa
superba L. |
Liliaceae (H) |
188 (+) |
Kalihari |
Tbs,
Rt |
Gonorrhoea,
snake-bite |
Paste
of dried tuber powder is applied locally for wounds |
Katewa
et al., 2004 |
51. Gomphrena
celosioides Mart. |
Amaranthaceae (H) |
65 (++) |
- |
Lvs |
Diuretic |
Leaf
paste is used to treat malaria |
Weniger
et al., 2004 |
52. Grewia
damine Gaertn. |
Tiliaceae (S) |
184 (+) |
- |
Wd |
Cough |
Whole
plant is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery |
Jayasinghe
et al., 2004 |
53. G.
flavescens A. Juss. |
Tiliaceae (S) |
185 (+) |
Kali-siali |
Lvs,
Rt, Ft |
Increase
male strength |
Rot
powder and decoction is used for bleeding of urinary tract, leucorrhoea,
spermatorrhoea |
Jain
et al., 2005 |
54. G.
tenax (Forssk.) Fiori |
Tiliaceae (S) |
186 (+) |
Gango |
Rt,
St |
Antitumor,
skin-diseases |
Decoction
of bark for cough and muscular pain |
Singh,
2004 |
55. Heliotropium marifolium Koen.
ex Retz. |
Boraginaceae (H) |
69 (+) |
Choti-santri |
Wp |
Emetic,
ulcer, snake-bite |
- |
- |
56. Hibiscus
lobatus (Murray) Kuntze |
Malvaceae (S) |
187 (+) |
- |
Wp |
Debility,
spermatorrhoea |
- |
- |
57. H.
micranthus L. f. |
Malvaceae (S) |
68 (++) |
Chanak
bhindo |
Wp,
Lvs, St |
Febrifuge |
- |
- |
58. Indigofera linnaei Ali. |
Fabaceae (H) |
72 (+++) |
Latahai |
Wp, Rt |
Diuretic, antiscorbutic |
Plant
decoction is used in epilepsy and insanity ; Plant boild in oil is
applied on burns ; Juice of plant is used as an alternative, diuretic
and in venereal affections |
Satyavati
et al., 1987 |
59. I. tinctoria |
Fabaceae (H) |
189 (++) |
- |
Ap,
Lvs, Rt |
Anti-hepatotoxic,
hypoglycaemic |
Root
paste is given in fever |
Asolkar
et al., 1992 |
60. Ipomoea
carnea Jacq. |
Convolvulaceae (S) |
163 (+++) |
Beshram |
Lvs,
St, Ft, Sd |
Skin-diseases, leucoderma, muscle relaxant |
Paste
of a single seed is given in filaria |
Prusti
and Behera, 2007 |
61. I.
dichroa (Roem. & Schult) Choisy |
Convolvulaceae (S) |
191 (+) |
- |
Sd |
Purgatve,
fever |
- |
- |
62. I.
eriocarpa R. Br. |
Convolvulaceae (S) |
190 (+) |
Hara |
Lvs,
Sd oil |
Skin-diseases,
arthritis, rheumatism |
Plant
paste is externally applied to treat rheumatism and leprosy |
Singh
et al., 2002 |
63. I.
pes-tigridis L. |
Convolvulaceae (H) |
71 (+++) |
Kamalata |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt |
Dog-bite,
purgative, boils |
Plant
paste is locally applied to treat carbuncles and boils |
Singh
et al., 2002 |
64. I. turbinata Lag. |
Convolvulaceae (C) |
192 (+) |
Balkauri |
Lvs,
St, Sd |
Skin-diseases,
cuts, laxative |
Plant
juice used as an insecticide and laxative |
Chandel
et al., 1996 |
65. Lantana
camara L. |
Verbenaceae (S) |
81 (+++) |
Jharmari |
Wp |
Tetanus,
tonic, rheumatism, malaria |
About
half cup of plant decoction with a little quantity of ‘kala namak’ is taken
twice a day till relief tetanus |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
66. Leucas
cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. |
Lamiaceae (H) |
193 (+) |
Goma |
Wp,
Fl |
Scabies,
cough, cold, scorpion-sting |
Plant
decoction is used for malaria, headache, eye complaints |
Satyavati
et al., 1987 |
67. L. urticaefolia (Vahl.) R. Br. |
Lamiaceae (H) |
194 (+) |
Panihari |
Lvs |
Fever |
Boiled
leaves mixed with jaggery are given to cows and buffaloes to expel placenta
after delivery |
Sharma
et al., 1992 |
68. Lindenbergia
muraria (Roxb.) Brühl |
Scrophulariaceae (H) |
77 (+) |
Chatti |
Wp,
Lvs |
Fever,
skin-infection |
Paste
of leaf is applied on snake-bite and scorpion-sting |
Trivedi,
2002 |
69. Lycium
barbarum L. |
Solanaceae (S) |
195 (+) |
Morali |
Wp |
- |
Fresh
plant decoction is used as diuretic; Stem bark against bronchitis for horses |
Singh,
2004 |
70. Martynia
annua L. |
Martyniaceae (H) |
84 (+) |
Bichu |
Wp,
Lvs, Ft |
Sore
throat, epilepsy, tuberculosis-glands |
Paste
of nut is considered to have beneficial effect when applied to the bites of
venomous insects |
Satyavati
et al., 1987 |
71. Melhania
hamiltoniana Wall. |
Sterculiaceae (H) |
204 (+) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
72. Mollugo
nudicaulis Lamk. |
Mollugoniaceae (H) |
87 (+) |
- |
Wp,
Lvs |
Bitter,
whooping cough |
Leaves
are macerated in water to which some lime
juice has been added and drunk as a warm-expeller |
Iwu,
1993 |
73. Momordica
dioica Roxb. ex Willd. |
Cucurbitaceae (C) |
160 (+) |
Kakoda |
Ft,
sd, Tb |
Elephantiasis,
anthelmintic, jaundice |
Root
paste is applied on snake-bites for three times daily |
Trivedi,
2002 |
74. Nerium
oleander L. |
Apocynaceae (S) |
88 (+) |
Kaner |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt, Bk, Oil |
Leprosy,
skin-disease, poisonous, chanceres and ulcers of the penis |
Root
paste with water and are applied externally chancre, ulcers and leprosy |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
75. Ocimum
canum Sims. |
Labiatae (H) |
90 (+++) |
Kali-tulsi |
Wp,
Lvs |
Skin-disorder,
cold, carminative, dysentery |
Leaf
paste is used in parasitical diseases of the skin and also applied to the
finger and toe nails during fever when extremities of cold |
Satyavati
et al., 1987 |
76. Parthenium
hysterophorus L. |
Asteraceae (H) |
95 (++) |
Gajar
ghas |
Rt,
St |
Tonic,
febrifuge, rheumatism |
Plant
decoction is externally used for skin-diseases |
Dominguez
and Sierra, 1970 |
77. Pedalium
murex L. |
Pedaliaceae (H) |
94 (++) |
Bara
gokhru |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt, St, Fl |
Antiseptic,
aphrodisiac, leucorrhoea |
Mucilaginous
infusion of the fruit is given in incontinence of urine, spermatorrhoea,
nocturnal emission and impotence |
Satyavati
et al., 1987 |
78.
Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. |
Asclepiadaceae (H) |
105 (++) |
Sagovani |
|
Gastric
ulcer, emetic, anthelmintic |
Leaf
decoction is an utrine tonic and is taken orally up to 20 ml per day |
Singh
et al., 2002 |
79. Peristrophe
paniculata (Forsk.) Brummitt |
Acanthaceae (H) |
145 (++) |
Atrilal |
Wp |
Snake-poison |
Whole
plant macerated in an infusion of rice, is taken orally in a large quantity
as an antidote to snake-poison |
Singh
et al., 2002 |
80. Portulaca
suffruticosa Wt. |
Portulacaceae (H) |
102 (+) |
Khurfa |
Lvs,
St |
Fever,
polydipsia, headache |
Fresh
juice of plant for burning micturation |
- |
81. Phyllanthus
nirurii Sensu Hook. f. |
Euphorbiaceae (H) |
196 (+) |
Bhuian
anvala |
Wp,
Rt, Shoot |
Diuretic,
jaundice, dysentry |
Leaves
mixed with salt applied locally to skin affections |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
82. Physalis
minima L. |
Solanaceae (H) |
197 (+) |
Pipat |
Wp |
Tonic,
purgative, joint pain |
Fruit
eaten and leaf juice used in earache |
Singh,
2004 |
83. Prosopis
cineraria (L.) Druce |
Mimosaceae (T) |
159 (+++) |
Khejari |
Fl,
Infl |
Boils,
skin-diseases |
Flowers
are pounded, mixed with sugar and eaten by women during pregnancy as a safe
guard against miscarriage |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
84. Pupalia
lappacea (L.) Juss. |
Amaranthaceae (H) |
91 (++) |
- |
Wp |
Antidote,
dropsy, oedema, febrifuge |
- |
- |
85. Rhynchosia
minima (L.) DC. |
Fabaceae (H) |
107 (+) |
Govindpalli |
Lvs |
Abortifacient |
Seeds
are roasted dehusked and used as pulses |
Prusti
and Behera, 2007 |
86. Rhus mysorensis Heyne ex Wight & Arn. |
Anacardiaceae (T) |
146 (+) |
Dansara |
|
Diarrhoea |
Fruits
for digestion |
Satyanarayana
et al., 2008 |
87. Ricinus communis L. |
Euphorbiaceae (S) |
38 (++) |
Arandi |
Lvs,
Sd |
Boil,
carbuncle, rheumatism |
Leaf
infusion is used stomachache |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
88. Salvadora oleoides Dcne. and Clarke |
Salvadoraceae (S) |
198 (+) |
Kharojhal |
Lvs,
Ft |
Antiinflammatory,
analgesic, antiulcer |
Leaf
paste is used to cure cough and treatment of enlarged spleen and fever |
Yadav
et al., 2008 |
89. Sesamum
indicum L. |
Pedaliaceae (H) |
200 (+) |
Til |
Lvs,
Sd |
Polyuria,
pimples, ophthalmia |
Decoction
of the seeds with acorus, ‘pippali’ and ‘gur’ is given in amenorrhea |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
90. Setaria
verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. |
Poaceae (G) |
199 (+) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
91. Sida
acuta Burm. |
Malvaceae (H) |
112 (++++) |
Bala |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt |
Astringent,
cut and wounds, diorrhoea |
Leaf
paste is applied topically to heal cuts, wounds and to get relief from
headache |
Muthu
et al., 2006 |
92. S. cordifolia L. |
Malvaceae (H) |
109 (++) |
Kungyi |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt, Sd |
Aphrodisiac,
snake-bite, gonorrhoea |
Rot
with cow’s milk showed improvement in Parkinson patients |
Nagashayana
et al., 2000 |
93. S. rhombifolia L. |
Malvaceae (H) |
151 (+++) |
Atibala |
Rt,
St, Lvs, Wp |
Swelling,
rheumatism, tuberculosis |
Root
infusion for the treatment of rheumatism and neurological complaints |
Dhalwal
et al., 2007 |
94. S.
veronicaefolia Lam. |
Malvaceae (H) |
201 (+) |
Bhiunli |
Wp |
Astringent,
bitter, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea |
Leaves
ground into a paste and applied for thorn poison |
Siromoney
et al., 1973 |
95. Solanum
nigrum L. |
Solanaceae (H) |
113 (+) |
Makoi |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt |
Psoriasis,
piles, dysentry |
Roots
with small amount of sugar are boiled in water and are given to women to enhancing
fertility |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
96. S.
virginianum L. |
Solanaceae (H) |
108 (++) |
Pili
kateli |
Rt,
St, Fl, Ft |
Cough,
asthma, gonorrhoea |
Decoction
of plant with Tinospora cordifolia,
Zingiber officinale, added with the
powder of Piper longum was used for
cough, asthma, anorexia, fever and indigestion |
Khare,
2004 |
97. Tephrosia
purpurea (L.) Pers. |
Fabaceae (H) |
122 (++) |
Sarphonka |
Wp,
Rt |
Blood
purifier, tonic, colic, pain, tonsilitis |
Decoction
of the rots with ginger is comsumed to relieve headache |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
98. T.
uniflora Pers. |
Fabaceae (H) |
202 (+) |
Bhaker |
Wp,
Lvs, Rt, Sd, Bk |
Poisonous bites, diuretic, asthma, piles,
syphilis |
Whole
plant is boiled in water and eaten for syphilis |
Singh,
2004 |
99. Thevetia
peruviana (Pers.)
K. Schum |
Apocynaceae (S) |
123 (+) |
Pila-kaner |
Bk |
Fever,
psoriasis, skin-infection |
A weak
decoction of stem bark is used to treat intermittent fevers |
Iwu,
1993 |
100. Trianthema
portulacastrum L. |
Aizoaceae (H) |
120 (++) |
Lal-sabuni |
Lvs,
Rt |
Amenorrhoea |
Decoction
of root is taken internally to treat constipation and asthma |
Muthu
et al., 2006 |
101. Tribulus
terrestris L. |
Zygophyllaceae (H) |
119 (+++) |
Gokhru |
Wp,
St, Ft |
Urinary
trouble, kidney stones, gonorrhoea |
Powdered
fruits in doses of 18 g with sugar and black pepper for
spermatorrhoea |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |
102. Trichosanthes
cucumerina L. |
Cucurbitaceae (H) |
203 (+) |
Jangli-chichonda |
Wp,
Lvs, St, Ft, Sd, Rt |
Cardiac
tonic, skin-disseases |
Decoction
of root is used for bronchitis and heart diseases |
Jain
et al., 2005 |
103. Tridex
procumbens L. |
Asteraceae (H) |
117 (++) |
Molyamehndi |
Lvs |
Kidney
stones, boils, blisters, dysentery |
Leaf
paste is applied topically on cuts and wounds |
Muthu
et al., 2006 |
104. Triumfetta
rhomboidea Jacq. |
Tiliaceae (S) |
116 (++++) |
Bhurat |
Wp,
Rt |
Jaundice,
diarrhoea |
Root
extract is taken to cure urinogenital problem of male |
Jadhav,
2006 |
105. Verbesina
encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Gray |
Asteraceae (H) |
126 (+++) |
Nakli-Surajmukhi |
Wp |
Febrifuge,
emetic, insecticide, anti-inflammatory |
Infusion
of whole plant for reduce swelling |
Soumyanath,
2006 |
106. Vernonia
cinerea (L.) Less. |
Asteraceae (H) |
25 (++) |
Sahadevi |
Wp,
Lvs |
Diaphoretic,
piles, dropsy, conjunctivitis |
Leaf
decoction is given in fever |
Jeeva
et al., 2006 |
107. Vitex
negundo L. |
Verbenaceae (T) |
124 (+) |
Nirgundi |
Lvs,
Rt |
Tonic,
rheumatism, ulcers |
Fresh
leaves crushed along with salt and the extract is taken internally once a day
for 7 days in night blindness |
Prashantkumar
and Vidyasagar, 2006 |
108. Waltheria
indica L. |
Sterculiaceae (H) |
127 (+) |
Nallabenda |
Wp |
Emollient,
cough, cold |
Decoction
of whole plant for treatment of diarrhoea |
Mathabe
et al., 2006 |
109. Xanthium
strumarium L. |
Asteraceae (H) |
155 (+++) |
Bilawa |
Sd |
Febrifuge,
skin-diseases, eczema, scabies, rheumatism |
Fruit
is considered cooling and effectious in the small pox and also useful in
urinary diseases |
Ahmad,
2003 |
110. Zizyphus
nummularia (Burm. f.) W. & A |
Rhamnaceae (S) |
129 (++) |
Boerjadi |
Lvs,
Ft |
Cooling,
scabies |
Juice
of the root bark is applied externally in rheumatism |
Parveen
et al., 2007 |