����������� Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 10: 342-349. 2006.
Piscicidal
Plants of Nepal:
Checklist, Ethnobotanical Uses and Indigenous Practices
Ananda R. Joshi* and Kunjani
Joshi**
*Former Director General, SACEP, Colombo, Sri Lanka
**Harvard University Herbaria, USA
Email: ajoshi@gmail.com, kunjanijoshi@gmail.com
Issued 22 December 2006
Introduction
�� ����������� Fish
catching with the aid of plants and their parts is an ancient practice. The
rural communities of Nepal collect piscicidal plants and
their parts from various habitats, such as forest, scrub, grassland,
cultivated fields, wetlands and riverbanks and use them following traditional
methods and practices to stupefy fish. However, at present, the piscicidal
plants and their ethenobotanical information are being eroded as a result of
haphazard exploitation of resources, habitat destruction and land use change
(Joshi and Joshi, 2005). The loss of traditional knowledge within cultures
undergoing rapid change is just as irreversiable as the loss of species
(Joshi and Joshi, 2004). Hence, priority should be given to document the
useful plants and their uses along with indigenous knowledge, methods and
practices. Though some ethnobotanical initiatives related to the piscicidal
plants have already taken (Bhandary and Shrestha, 1982; Joshi and Joshi,
2005a; Karki and Rai, 1982; Regmi and Karna, 1989; Manandhar, 1989), less
priority has been given to the systematic and comprehensive enumeration of
these species and their conservation in an integrated manner. Therefore, an attempt
has been made to document and enumerate the piscicidal plants with exising
traditional uses and practices.
�Study Areas and Methods
�������������� The
ethnobotanical information were collected from the villages of the various
districts of Nepal. The complex geomorphology,
climatic variations and other physical characteristics make these villages
rich in diverse habitats with useful species including the piscicidal plants.
These areas are inhabited by different ethnic tribes, who have rich knowledge
on ethnobotanical information. Ethnobotanical information was collected using
various techniques and also verified with secondary sources.
�Enumeration of
Species
�������������� The
plant species, which are reported to have piscicidal effects, are enumerated
in Table 1. Seventy-nine piscicidal plants belonging to 35 families are
arranged alphabetically by genus�species, family followed by local names, and
parts of the plant used. Among the documented species, the family Fabaceae
was most frequently represented with a total of 11 species, followed by
Polygonaceae 7, Euphorbiaceae 6, Ateraceae 5 and others with less than 5
species.
�Indigenous Knowledge and Practices
����������� The
local people have excellent knowledge of species identification, usefulness
of the plants and traditional practices. Though the main occupation of
villagers of the study areas is agriculture, fishing is an alternative source
of income. They collect fish for food and also for sale in nearby markets.
Maghi tribes are mainly involved in fishing occupation and used to utilize
all parts or a certain part of the plant as fish poison. Sometimes for
catching fish from rivers, the flow of water is checked either by erecting a
temporary wall of mud and stones or by diverting the water current into small
temporary ponds. The plant or a plant part is crushed and thrown into the
water. The fish poison makes the fish float in a stupefied state and come to
the surface of water from where they are easily captured.
�
����������� According to the information of
the local people, some species are preferred for fish poison and frequently
used. These species are Agave cantala,
Buddleja asiatica, Buddleja
paniculata, Engelhardia spicata, Euphorbia royleana, Juglans regia, Persicaria hydropiper, and Sapium insigne.
�
Table 1. Piscicidal
plants of Nepal.
Botanical
name/ Family
|
Nepali
name
|
Parts of
the
plant
�used
|
References
|
�Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.
(Fabaceae)
|
Aradi,
�Arare
|
Bark, Fruit,
Stem
|
Ghimere et. al. (2000); Joshi & Joshi (2005a);
�Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Agave
cantala Roxb. ex Salm.-Dyck
(Agavaceae)
|
Ketuke,
Nalu
|
Whole plant,
�Leaf
|
Bhandary & Shrestha
(1982, 1999); Joshi
& Joshi (2005a);
Karki & Rai (1982);
�Manandhar (1989, 2002); Regmi & Karma
(1989)
|
Aisandra
butyracea (Roxb.) Baehni
(Sapotacae)
|
Chyuri
|
Bark, Oilcake
|
Manandhar (1989)
|
�Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.
(Fabaceae)
|
Kalo Siris,
Siris
|
Bark
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a)
|
Albizia
lucidior (Steud.) I. Nielson ex Hara
(Fabaceae)
|
Padake,
Tapre siris
|
Bark
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Anagallis arvensis L.
(Primulaceae)
|
Armale,
Kalo gojale
|
Whole plant
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Anemone
vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
(Ranunculaceae)
|
Dhanero,
Madilo
|
Whole plant
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Annona squamata L.
(Annonaceae)�����������
|
Saripha,
Banjhi
|
Leaf
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Artemisia
dubia Wall. ex Besser
(Asteraceae)
|
Tite pati,
Nagadamani
|
Leaf, Young
�shoot
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a);
Siwakoti & Siwakoti
(2003)
|
Artemisia
indica Willd.
(Asteraceae)
|
Gandhe jhar,
�Titepati
|
Leaf
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a)
|
Berberis
aristata DC.
(Berberidaceae)
|
Chutro
|
Bark
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a)
|
�Buddleja asiatica Lour.
(Loganaceae)
|
Bhimsenpati,
Sano phultis
|
Leaf
|
Bhadari & shrestha (1982, 1999); Joshi (1991);
Joshi & Joshi (2005a & b); Joshi (1991);
�Karki & Rai (1982); Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Buddleja paniculata Wall.
(Loganaceae)
|
Narayanpati,
Phultis
|
Leaf
|
Bhadari & Shrestha (1982, 1999);
�Joshi
& Joshi (2005a & b); Karki
& Rai
�( 1982); Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Careya
arborea Roxb.
(Lecythidaceae)
|
Kumbhi,
Bhorle
|
Bark, Leaf,
Root
|
Ghimere et. al. (2000); Joshi & Joshi (2005a);
Manandhar (2002)
|
Casearia elliptica Willd.
(Flacoutiaceae)
|
Thulo dedri
|
Fruit
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Casearia graveolens Dalz.
(Flacourtiaceae)
|
Sano dendri
|
Bark, Leaf,
Fruit
|
Joshi & Joshi (2005);
Manandhar (1989)
|
Cassia
fistula L.
(Fabaceae)
|
Rajbriksya
�
|
Seed
|
Ghimere et. al. (2000); Joshi (1988);
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a)
|
Coriaria
nepalensis Wall.
(Coriariaceae)
|
Bhojinsi�
Machino
|
Leaf
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005b)
|
Croton
roxburghii N.P. Balakr.
(Euphorbiaceae)
|
Aule
|
Seed oil
|
Manandhar (2002)
|
Cyathula tomentosa (Roth.) Moq.
(Amaranthaceae)
|
Aulo ghans,
Aankhle kuro
|
Root
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a); Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Dalbergia stipulacea Roxb.
(Fabaceae)
|
Tatibari
|
Root
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Daphne bholua Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don.
(Thymelaeaceae)
|
Kagat pate
|
Bark, Leaf
|
Joshi (1988); Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Datura metel L.
(Solanaceae)
|
Kalo dhaturo
|
Leaf
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a)
|
Desmodium laxiflorum DC.
(Fabaceae)
|
Tangri
|
Stem
|
Mander and Chaudhary
|
Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb. ) H.
Ohashi
(Fabaceae)
|
Sadhan,
Panjan,
|
Bark
|
Ghimere et.
al. (2000); Manandhar (2002)
|
Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J.
Lam.
(Sapotaceae)
|
Chyuri
|
Bark, Oil cake
|
Manandhar (2002)
|
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.
(Dioscoreaceae)
|
Bhyakur
|
Tuber, Leaf
|
Joshi & Joshi (2005a); Karki
& Rai (1982);
Manandhar (1989)
|
Duabanga
grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp.
(Sonneratiaceae)
|
Madame,
Lampate
|
Bark
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn.
(Thymelaeaceae)
|
Argeli,
Arkalepat
|
Bark, Leaf
|
Joshi & Joshi (2005a & b);
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Engelhardia
spicata Lesch. ex Blume
(Juglandaceae)
|
Mauwa
|
Young leaf
|
Chaudhary et.al
(2002); Joshi (1988); Joshi &
�Joshi (2005a); Joshi (1991); Manandhar (1989)
|
Entada
phaseoloides (L) Merr.
(Fabaceae)
|
Rukh pangra
|
Seed
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
�Eupatorium odoratum L.
(Asteraceae)
|
Banmara
|
Whole plant
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a)
|
Euphorbia royleana Boiss
(Euphorbiaceae)
|
Siudri
|
Whole plant
(latex)
|
Bhandary & Shrestha (1982,
1999);
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a); Karki & Rai (1982);
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
(Euphorbiaceae)
|
Thuar
|
Whole plant
|
Regmi (1982); Regmi
& Karna (1989)
|
Euodia fraxinifolia (D. Don) Hook. f.
(Rutaceae)
|
Bokumba,
Kunukape
|
Bark, Fruit,
Seed
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Gynocardia
odorata R. Br.
(Flacourtiaceae)
|
Gandare,
Gantay
|
Fruit, Bark
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Hedyotis scandens Roxb.
(Rubiaceae)
|
Aankhle jhar,
Boki lahara
|
Whole Plant
|
Manandhar (1989)
|
Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.)
Wall. ex G. Don.
(Apocynaceae)
|
Kurchi,
Indrajau
|
Stem, Leaf
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a)
|
Hydrocotyle himalaica P.K. Mukharjee
(Umbelliferae)
|
Setotapre
|
Whole plant
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Jatropha curcas L.
(Euphorbiaceae)
|
Sajiwa,
Arin
|
Whole plant
(latex)
|
Joshi & Joshi (2005a)
|
Juglans regia L.
(Juglandaceae)
|
Okhar
|
Immature fruit
|
Bhandary & Shrestha
(1999); Chaudhary et al.
(2002); Chhetri & Joshi (2002); Joshi & Joshi
(2005a); Karki & Rai (1982); Manandhar
�(1989,
2002); Regmi (1982); Regmi &
Karna
�(1989);
|
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.
(Lauraceae)
|
Siltimur
|
Bark, Leaf,
Fruit
|
Siwakoti & Siwakoti (2003)
|
Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude
(Ericaceae)
|
Angeri
|
Young leaf
|
Chhetri & Joshi (2002); Joshi (1988);
Joshi & Joshi (2005a)
|
Madhuca longifolia (Koeing) Macbride
(Sapotaceae)
|
Mahuwa
|
Bark, Oil cake
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Maesa argentea (Wall.) A. DC.
(Myrsinaceae)
|
Bhogate
|
Leaf
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Maesa
chisia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don.
(Myrsinaceae)
|
Bilaune,
Thinke
|
Root, Bark,
Leaf
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a);
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Maesa
macrophylla (Wall) A. DC
(Myrsinaceae)
|
Paha phal,
Bhogate
|
Leaf
|
Bhandary & Shrestha (1982,
1999); Joshi & Joshi
�(2005a); Karki & Rai (1982); Manandhar
(1989, 2002)
|
Melia azedarach L.
(Meliaceae)
|
Bakaino
|
Fruit
|
Joshi & Joshi (2005a)
|
Meliosma dillenifolia (Wall. ex Wight &
�Arn.)) Walp.
(Sabiaceae)
|
Kumbhi
|
Root
|
Dangol and Gurung (1999)
|
Millettia extensa (Benth.) Baker
(Fabaceae)
|
Gaujo
|
Dry Bark
powder,
�Root
|
Ghimere et. al. (2000); Joshi & Joshi (2005a);
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Millettia fruticosa (DC) Benth ex Baker
�(Fabaceae)
|
Tantari
|
Bark, Leaf
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi
(Fabaceae)
|
Kersingi,
Sadam
|
Leaf, Seed
|
Manandhar (2002)
|
Myrica esculenta
Buch.-Ham. ex
D. Don.
(Myricaceae)
|
Kaphal
|
Bark
|
Joshi (1988); Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Osbeckia stellata Buch-Ham.
ex D. Don.
(Melastomataceae)
|
Angeri,
Rato chulsi
|
Whole plant
|
Chhetri & Joshi (2002); Joshi (1988)
|
Persicaria
barbata (L.) Hara
(Polygonaceae)
|
Khursani jhar,
Thulo pirya
|
Whole plant,
�Leaf
|
Dangol (2000-2001);
Ghimere et. al. (2000);
Joshi & Joshi (2005a); Manandhar
(1989, 2002)
|
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross
(Polygonaceae)
|
Kukur thothne
|
Whole plant
|
Chhetri & Joshi
(2002)
|
Persicaria
glabra (Willd.) M. Gomez
�de la Maza
(Polygonaceae)
|
Seto pire
|
Whole plant
|
Manandhar (2002)
|
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach.
(Polygonaceae)
|
Pire,
Ratnaulo
|
Whole plant
�
|
Chhetri & Joshi (2002); Dangol (2000-2001)
Joshi & Joshi (2005a & b); Karki & Rai (1982);
Manandhar (1989, 2002); Regmi &
Karna (1989);
Siwakoti & Siwakoti (2003)
|
Persicaria
lapathifolia (L) S.F. Gray
(Polygonaceae)
|
Bisintilli jhar
|
leaf
|
Siwakoti et.al. (2005)
|
Persicaria
pubescens (Bl.) Hara
(Polygonaceae)
|
Seto pire
|
Whole plant
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Persicaria
viscosa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don.)
�Nakai
(Polygonaceae)
|
Rato pire
|
Whole plant
|
Bhadary & Shrestha (1982, 1999);
�Joshi & Joshi (2005a); Manandhar
(1989)
|
Phyllanthus urinaria L.
(Euphorbiaceae)
|
Amala jhar,
Ajata,
Bhui Amala
|
Whole plant
|
Dangol (2000-2001)
|
Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook) D. Don.
(Fabaceae)
|
Suga phul,
Siksike
|
Bark, Leaf
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Plumeria rubra L.
(Apocynaceae)
|
Chuwa,
�Golaichi
|
Bark
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Ricinus communis L.
(Euphorbiaceae)
|
Ander,
Andi
|
Leaf, Seed
|
Joshi & Joshi (2005a
&b);
|
Rhododendron arboretum Sm.
(Ericaceae)
|
Lali Gurans
|
Young leaf
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005b); Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex
Fleming,
(Rubiaceae)
|
Majitho
|
Whole plant
|
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a);
|
Sapium insigne (Royal)
Benth. ex Hook. F.
(Euphorbiaceae)
|
Khirro
|
Bark, leaf
|
Bhandary & Shrestha
(1982, 1999);
Joshi & Joshi
(2005a); Karki & Rai (1982);
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.
(Sapindaceae)
|
Ritha
|
Fruit
|
Regmi & Karma (1989)
|
Schima wallichii (DC) Korth
(Theaceae)
|
Chilaune,
Nini
|
Leaf,Bark,
Fruit
|
Bhandary & Shrestha (1982)Joshi & Joshi
(2005a & b); Manandhae (1989, 2002);
|
Securinega
virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.)
�Baill.
(Euphorbiaceae)
|
Nundhiki,
Paileti
|
Bark
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Shorea robusta Gaertn.
(Dipterocarpaceae)
|
Sal
|
Bark
|
Joshi & Joshi (2005);
|
Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq.
(Solanaceae)
|
Bhalkanda,
Kantakari
|
Fruit
|
Joshi (1988); Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Spilanthes calva DC.
(Asteraceae)
|
Lato ghans
|
Whole plant
|
Manandhar (1989)
|
Spilanthes paniculata Wallich ex DC.
(Asteraceae)
|
Bhuin Timur,
Lato ghans
|
Whole plant
|
Manandhar (1989,
2002)
|
Ulmus wallichiana Planch.
(Ulmaceae)
|
Dhamina
|
Bark, Leaf
|
Manandhar (2002)
|
Verbascum thapsus L.
(Srophulariaceae)
|
Guna puchhar
|
Whole plant
|
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay
(Rubiaceae)
|
Main phal
|
Bark,
Ripen fruit
|
Dangol and Gurung (1999),Gurung, Dangol
& Bhandary (1999); Manandhar (1989)
|
Zanthoxylum armatum DC
(Rutaceae)
|
Timur,
Bhale Timur
|
Bark, leaf
|
Joshi & Joshi (2005a); Regmi and Karna (1989);
Manandhar (1989, 2002)
|
Strategies for Sustainable Management
The following strategies are recommended for
sustainable management of useful plant diversity.
1. Inventory, Chemical Screening and Documentation of the Species
����������� Many parts of the biogeographical areas of the country
have still remained unexplored. Hence, it is strongly recommended that major
thrust should be given to an intensive inventory and documentation of
piscicidal plants and their products. Emphasis should also be given to
analyse chemical components of the plants and the parts which are used to
stupefy fishes. A more systematic investigation of some of these plants may
lead to the discovery of new economically useful products.
2. Documentation of Traditional information,
methods and practices
��������� The rural people have developed unique indigenous
knowledge related to the uses of plant resources due to constant association
with the forests. These existing valuable information are needed to be
documented before lost or disappeared. As there is lake of the documentation
system, priority should be given to develop a system for the systematic
recording of the information related to the ethnobotanical uses and
indigenous knowledge of the species.
�3. Conservation of useful species and their
habitats
����������� Though forests, scrubs, grasslands and waste lands are
the major habitats of the pecicidal plants, most of them appear to be
restricted only to shaded forest habitats. An obvious conclusion that can be drawn
from this picture is that deforestation and habitat destruction due to land
use change would pose a serious threat to the species. Even without
tree-removal, extensive grazing of domestic animals in the forests can be
damaging to some species. When questioned about the changing status of the
existing plants, our respondents listed some important species such as Coriaria nepalensis, Sapium insigne and Zanthoxylum armatum which have also declined in abundance during
the last decade. The trend of decline of abundance of the useful species
shows that action for conservation is urgently needed. Hence, efforts should
be directed to formulate and implement appropriate strategies and programs
related to the conservation and sustainable uses of these plants and their
products taking consideration of the needs of the people.
Acknowledgements
����������� The authors are thankful to the inhabitants of the
study areas for their kind cooperation and help during the field survey.
Thanks are due to Dr. John F. Edington, University of Wales, U.K. for his guidance and
encouragement, and to Dr. S. K. Jain, Founder and Ex-Director, Institute of Ethnobiology, Lucknow, India for encouragement.
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