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Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 149-173. 2006.
Ethnomedicinal Plants used by the Tribals of Similipal Bioreserve, Orissa, India: A Pilot Study
Kambaska Kumar Behera
Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Orissa Univesity of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar, Orissa,India,751003. Email: [email protected]
Issued 29 June 2006
ABSTRACTHerbal medicine has been widely practiced throughout the world since ancient times. These medicines are safe and environmentally friendly. According to WHO about 80% of the world’s population relies on traditional medicine for their primary health care. India, being one of the world’s 12 mega biodiversity countries, enjoys export of herbal raw material worth U.S. $100-114 million per year approximately. Currently the Government of India, realizing the value of the country’s vast range of medicinal plants, has embarked on a mission of documenting the traditional knowledge about medicinal plants and herbs. This investigation, in a small way, takes up the enumeration of plants with potential medicinal value, which are used by the tribal groups, residing in and around Similipal Bioreserve of Mayurbhanj, Orissa, India. This report elucidates a rich and unique profile of phyto-diversity of the area surveyed, with 89 species belongs to 52 families and 79 genera of medicinal plants. Key words: Traditional knowledge, Herbal medicines, Phytodiverisity.
INTRODUCTIONThroughout the world, plants have been in continuous use in one way or the other for the treatment of various ailments. In India, the sacred Vedas, which date back between 3500 B.C. and 800 B.C., give many references of medicinal plants. One of the remotest works in traditional herbal medicine is “Virikshayurveda,” compiled even before the beginning of Christian era and formed the basis of medicinal studies in ancient India. The Rig Veda, dating between 3500 B.C. to 1800 B.C., seems to be the earliest record available on medicinal plants. Herbs seem to be very important component of medicine in other cultures too; Greek, African and Chinese medicines., etc. Nearly 80% of the world population depends upon traditional system of health care. Allopathic drugs have brought a revolution throughout the world but the plant base medicines have its own unique status.( Behera,K.K,et al 2006 ) Surveys had revealed that 50% of the top prescription drugs in the USA are based on natural products and the raw materials are locked up in the tropical world –interiors of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The local uses of plants as a cure are common particularly in those areas, which have little or no access to modern health services, such as the innumerable tribal villages and hamlets in India. (Behera,K.K,2003) The indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants of various ethnic communities, where it has been transmitted orally for centuries is fast disappearing from the face of the earth due to the advent of modern technology and transformation of traditional culture. The collection of information about natural flora, classification, management and use of plants by the people holds importance among the ethnobotanists. The local people and researchers face the challenging task of not only documenting knowledge on plants, but also applying the results of their studies to biodiversity conservation and community developments, with a deep concern and reverence for the vast diversity of flora that our country enjoys, and with sense of realization about the invaluable therapeutic properties of this phytodiversity, the current research is undertaken. This work concentrates on potential ethnomedicinal value of plants and herbs commonly used by the tribals residing in and around Similipal bioreserve of the area surveyed. The study area concentrates in and around the deep forest pockets of tribal villages which comes under Similipal bioreserve located in Mayurbhanj districts, Orissa India. The area lies between 20° 17’ to 22° 34’ North latitude and 85° 40’ to 87° 10’ East longitude and at an altitude of 40 meters to 1166 meters above sea level and the average temperatures range between minimum 2°C in winter to a maximum of 48°C in summer having average rain fall 22000 mms. Similipal bioreserve is a part of the biotic province of Chhotanagpur Plateau. The Reserve derives its name from the magnificent Simul (Silk Cotton Tree). ( Faulks, P. J.,1958 ). It has been aptly described as Salmali Saila (the hill of Simul) in the poem ‘Usha’ written by the famous Oriya poet Laureate, Radhanath Ray. The hills, with their numerous peaks and valleys, rise steeply from the plains of Udala in the south and Baripada in the southeast and extend up to Jashipur in the northwest, Bisnoi in the north and Thakurmunda to the west. Similipal is a representative ecosystem under Mahanadian Biogeographic Region. Its floral and faunal composition has some similarities with elements from the Western Ghats and Northeast India.
METHODOLOGY Following the method of Jain and Goel (1995), the information regarding the usage of medicinal plants available in the local area for treating various ailments and diseases, was collected directly by contacting the elders, herbal doctors and the persons who have knowledge about these medicinal plants in the Similipal bioreserve which is situated in the Mayurbhanj district. Regular visits to the above mentioned places were made from June 2003 to February 2005. (Ford, R. I., 1978). The plant material was collected and carefully handled for identification by authenticated source. Most of the plant materials were preserved by making herbaria and all the voucher specimens were carefully numbered and deposited. The medicinal value of each plant was enumerated in the following pattern: a), b) Family, c) Vernacular Name, d) Parts used and e) Ethnomedicinal uses.
The identification of plants was done using the following references: 1. The Botany of Bihar and Orissa by Haines,H.H.(1921-25 ). 2. Flora of Orissa, Vol.I-IV by Saxena, H.O. & M. Brahmam. (1994-1996). 3. Some magico-religious beliefs about plants among Adibasis of Orissa Adibasi 12: 8-44 by Jain S.K. (1991). 4. Gandha mardhan Parbat, Orissa - A potential of important indigenous drugs.Bull. Reg.Res. Lab. Jamu 1: 11-16. By Panigrahi,G.(1963).
MAP OF THE STUDY AREA
RESULTS The data on medicinal plants, which was collected from inhabitants in and around Similipal bioreserve in the Mayurbhanj district, were pooled and analysed. The investigation revealed the medicinal plants of 89 species and 79 genera belonging to 52 families, which are commonly used for various ailments by various tribes ( Sa-Santal,Ba-Bathudi, G-Gonda,Lo-Lodha,Mu-Munda,K-Kondha,Ko-Kolha,Su-Saunti,O-Oriya,Bh-Bhumija, etc.) of the area surveyed. The enumeration and utilization of these plants are described below.
TABLE 1: ENUMERATION AND UTILIZATION OF PLANTS.
1. Abrus precatorius L. Family with Collection Number – (FABACEAE)/225 Vernacular Name: Kaicho, Kaincho, Lalgunj, Runjo (O, Ba, Bh, Su); Gujjbai, Arakeej, (Sa), Karjani (Ku); kouch, Ked, Ara-kuch (Lo). Parts Used: White seeds Ethnomedicinal Uses: White seeds kept in unboiled cow milk for the period of over night and the seed is given to woman in the morning at the end of menstruation cycle for preventing conception. Sarat (Sa); Raikalia (Ba); Gandidhar (Mu).
2. Acacia catechu (L.f.)Willd Family with Collection Number - (MIMOSACEA)/212 Vernacular Name: Khairo, Khairo (O, Ba, Bh, Su); Kehera (Ko) Kanta (Sa) Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark paste is made with 7 long peppers (Piper longum) and then the paste is mixed with paste of 2-3 Tulasi poka (an insect found on Tulasi plant ) and is taken thrice a day for three months for the treatment of night blindness (Rat-kana). Sarabasa(Sa); Gohira (Ba); Nandurusahi (Mu).
3. Ageratum conyzoides L. Family with Collection Number - (ASTERACEAE)/202 Vernacular Name: Pokusunga, Bok sunga, Dengsingi, (O, Ba, Bh. Su); Tankamani (Lo); Heren-ba (Mu,Sa) Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Boiled leaf paste is applied on skin before bed for the treatment of Khasar (a type of skin disease) Kaptipada (Sa); Jamba bani, (Ba,Go).
4. Alangium salvifolium (L.f.)Wang. Family with Collection Number - (ALANGIACEAE)/205 Vernacular Name: Dhala-ankol, Ankula (O, Ba, Su); Ankolo-Huring, sitabororo (Lo); Dhelakanta (Sa). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Leaf juice (2ml) with common salt (1gm) is applied drop by drop twice for five days on eyelids as a cure of eye diseases like redness of eyes. Raikalia (Sa, Go, Su); Phulgadia (Ba); Gandidhar, (Mu, Ko).
5. Amaranthus viridis L. Family with Collection Number - (AMARANTHACEAE) /310 Vernacular Name: Kanta nautia (O, Ba, Su); Notya-ara (Lo). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Root paste is applied on boils for suppuration. Kotoria (Lo); Kaptipada (Sa); Chhanua (Ba); Pingu (Su, Bh).
6. Annona squamosa L. Family with Collection Number - (ANNONACEAE)/222 Vernacular Name: Maghua, Ata, (O, Ba, Bh); Boror - daru (Lo); Newa, Mondal (Sa); Nenwa, Mandal (Ko). Parts Used: Dried root powder Ethnomedicinal Uses: Dried root powder (5gm) is taken once in morning for five days by women for abortion of 3 to 4 months of pregnancy. Taldiha (K); Debakunda (Ba, Bh); Kundabai (Mu); Marsinga (Ko).
7. Annona reticulata L. Family with Collection Number - (ANNONACEAE) /320 Vernacular Name: Rajamaghua, Ramphala, Barhial, (O, Ba, Bh); Naga-newa, Ramphal (Lo); Mandargam, Gom (Sa). Parts Used: Seed powder Ethnomedicinal Uses: mixture of seed powder with black pepper (Piper nigrum ) (about 3gm) is prescribed for spoiling of pregnancy up to 3-4 months duration. Badajhada (Ko, Ba, Go); Hadarachua (Sa, Bh), Handiphuta.(Mu, K, Ko).
8. Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A.Rich.ex Walp. Family with Collection Number - (RUBIACEAE) /312 Vernacular Name: Kadambo, Kadamba, (O, Ba, Su); Kadam-ba (Lo, Mu); Kadam(Sa), Podam (Ko). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark paste (3gm) with common salt (1gm) is used as cure for eye inflammation and Juice of leaf (2ml) with common salt (1gm) is taken in empty stomach as a cure for stomach pain. Noto (Lo); Sarat (Ba); Kalmagadia (Mu); Padmapokhari (Ko).
9. Argemone mexicana L. Family with Collection Number - (PAPAVERACEAE)/213 Vernacular Name: Agara, Agora, Kantakusum, Deng bejari, Sarpuni, Udasmari (O, Ba, Bh); Nya-dudid (Lo); Bakula Janum (Mu); Sundi satkeu, (Sa). Parts Used: Seed pasteEthnomedicinal Uses: Seed paste (3gm) mixed with seed oil of Madhuca longifolia (1ml) is applied fifteen days continuously on skin for the cure of eczema. Jambani (Ba, Bh, Go); Raikalia (Ba, Ko, K).
10. Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth. Family with Collection Number - (FABACEAE)/214 Vernacular Name: Kulthia, Duma hirma, Bana -kulthia (O, Ba); Birhorre (Mu & Sa); Ban -kultha (Lo). Parts Used: SeedEthnomedicinal Uses: Pasty mass of seeds is taken with hot water twice continuously for fifteen days as a cure for tape –worm.. Gandidhar (Mu); Nuasahi (Ba); Podadiha (Sa).
11. Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Family with Collection Number - (MELIACEAE)/316 Vernacular Name: Limba, Neem (O, B, Su, Bh); Nimba-daru (Sa); Bokom-dare (Lo). Parts used: Leaves Ethnomedicinal Uses: Aqueous extract of leaves (15ml) is taken once a day in empty stomach continuously one month for treatment of diabetes. Sarabasa (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba); Kaptipada (Mu); Bahubandh (Ko).
12. Bauhinia variegata L. Family with Collection Number - (CAESALPINIACEAE) /335 Vernacular Name: Kanchano, Kachu, Borara, (O, Ba, Bh); Buj, Juruju, Burunga, Singya (Ko); Jantai (Mu); Koch-nar (Lo); Buruju-dar (K). Parts used: Root bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Root bark decoction (15ml) is taken once a day continuously one month in empty stomach for reducing bulkiness of the body. Handiphuta (Sa); Chhanua (Ba, G); Kaliasahi (Ko).
13. Bambusa stricta Roxb. Family with Collection Number - (POACEAE) /355 Vernacular Name: Bada-bans, Salia banso (O, Ba, Bh, Su,); Daki-abel, Bir-mad (Lo); Buru mad (Sa). Parts used: Internodes white crystal Ethnomedicinal Uses: Bansa-lochan a white crystal like thing found sometime in internodes (about 10gm) is prescribed for gaining vitality and as blood purifier. Kundabahi ( Lo, K); Sarabasa (Sa); Kaptipada (Ba, G).
14. Boerhavia diffusa L Family with Collection Number -. (NYCTAGINACEAE )/340 Vernacular Name: Puruni saga (O, Ba); Punarnava (Mu); Ohoic-araka (Sa). Parts used: Whole plant Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of plant (15ml) is given once a day in the early morning for fifteen days for the treatment of Leucorrhoea and dried plant powder is smoked as cigarette once a day for the treatment of asthma. Uthanisahi (Sa, Ba, Ko); Kantagadi (Ba); Badajhada (Mu, Go); Kaliasahi (Ko, K).
15. Borreria articularis (L. f.) Wlliams. Family with Collection Number - (RUBIACEAE)/365 Vernacular Name: Solaganthi, Sanaghar podia, Jibkata(O, Ba, su); Pitu arak (Sa). Parts Used: Whole plant and Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Whole plants are boiled and the vapours are inhaled to get relief from toothache and root paste (15gm) is prescribed to woman for the regulation of excessive menstrual flow. Noto (Lo, Go, Su); Kaptipada (Sa); Jamba- bani, (Ba, Bh).
16. Borassus flabellifer L. Family with Collection Number - (ARECACEAE)/260 Vernacular Name: Tala, Tal, Talo, (O, Ba, Su, Bh); Tar (Sa); Rola-daru (Lo). Parts Used: Male inflorescence. Ethnomedicinal Uses: Ash (after burning of male infloresence) with powder of black peppers (Piper longum) & cow milk in the ratio of 2: 1: 1, is prescribed to women as contraceptive. Kotoria ( Lo); Sarat (Ba); Gandidhar (Mu).
17. Bombax ceiba L. Family with Collection Number - (BOMBACACEAE)/.231 Vernacular Name: Semulo, Simili, Simal (O, Ba, Bh); Simal-dare, Daldara (Sa, Ko); Edel -daru (Lo) Parts used: Fleshy roots Ethnomedicinal Uses: Paste of fleshy roots of young plant (1 gm) mixed with unboiled cow milk (2ml) is taken once a day in the early morning for a week by women to regulate irregular menstruation and flowers paste is apply on boils before bed for ripening purpose. Noto (Lo); Kotoria (Ba); Kaptipada (Sa).
18. Catharanthus roseus L.G.Don. Family with Collection Number - (APOCYNACEAE)/233 Vernacular Name: Sadabihari (O, Ba); Sweat chandi (Sa, Mu). Parts used- Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Root paste is applied twice a day continuously seven days for healing of septic wounds and fresh leaf juice (few drops) mixed with a cup of water and is taken in empty stomach for the treatment of blood dysentery. Handiphuta (Sa); Gandidhar (Mu); Kantagadi (Ba).
19. Calotropis gigantean R.Brin Ait.f. Hort. Family with Collection Number - (ASCLEPIADACEAE )/335 Vernacular Name: Arakha (O, Ba); Patladhudha (Mu, Ko); Parkha (Sa.). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of root (3ml) with Paste of Piper longum (1gm) is given to women in empty stomach continuously ten days for the treatment of Leucorrhoea. Podadiha (Ba); Kotoria (Sa, Ko).
20. Capparis zeylanica L. Family with Collection Number - (CAPPARACEAE)/237 Vernacular Name: Asadua, Oserwa, Hatinkula, Sabbi (O, Ba); Maru-Janum (Lo); Bagnai (Sa). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Pasty mass of leaf (3gm) mixed with paste of Piper nigrum (2gm) applied for slight boiling before bed for the treatment of breast swelling. Jambani (Ko); Jadida (Ba); Salachua (Sa); Goudagan (Mu).
21. Clerodendrum indicum ( L.) Kntze, Rev. Gen. Family with Collection Number - (VERBENACEAE)/338 Vernacular Name: Brahmadandi, Brahmuna jhatia, Ketu, Nagri, Bhaunarmal, Pudanargi, (O, Ba) Bamanhatti (Sa) merom ret (Mu). Parts Used: Dried root powder Ethnomedicinal Uses: Dried root powder is smoked once a day continuously one month for the treatment of asthma and fresh Leaf paste with long peppers (Piper longum ) is used in the ratio of 2: twice a day in the early morning & before sleep continuously twenty days as cure for swelling of legs. Sarabasa (Sa); Nuasahi (Ba); Gandidhar (Mu), Kotoria (Lo).
22. Careya arborea Roxb. Family with Collection Number - (BARRINGTONIACEAE)/1239 Vernacular Name: Kumbhi (O, Ba) Himarigacha, Kumbhi-daru (Lo); Kumbre, Asanda (Ko). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Fresh root paste is taken twice a day after food continuously fifteen days against body pain. Noto (Lo); Sarat (Ba); Kalmagadia (Mu); Padmapokhari (Ko).
23. Caryota urens L. Family with Collection Number: - (ARECACEAE)/404 Vernacular Name: Salpa (O, Ba,); Heka, Mada (Ko); Salpa,Salfa, (Sa & Lo). Parts Used: Old leaves Ethnomedicinal Uses: Ash prepared by burning of old leaves (3gm) with honey (2ml) is prescribed for the treatment of tympanitis i.e, inflammation of middle ear. Jambabani (Ba); Kundabai (Lo); Gadiapal (Sa).
24. Crateva nurvala Buch.-Ham. Family with Collection Number - (CAPPARACEAE)/344 Vernacular Name: Barun, Varuna, Pitmaiel (O, Ba); Banena-ba (Sa); Barun daru (Lo). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Fresh juice of stem bark (3ml) mixed with seed powder of Piper nigrum (1gm) is taken by women in the seventh days of menstrual cycle as a contraceptive. Monobhanga (Mu); Nuasahi (Ba).
25. Curcuma amada Roxb. Family with Collection Number - (ZINGIBERACEAE)./364 Vernacular Name: Amad, Ama-haladi (O, Ba); ke-a-sanga (Lo); Ban-haldi (Sa) Parts used –Whole plant Ethnomedicinal Uses: Plant paste (3gm) with paste of 7 long peppers (Piper longum ) (1gm) is used twice for seven days after food for the treatment of piles and decoction of rhizome (3ml) with common salt (2gm) is taken twice for five days against cold and cough. Sarabasa(Sa); Taldiha (Lo); Talia (Ba); Sarbanaghati, (Mu).
26. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Family with Collection Number - (CUSCUTACEAE)/364 Vernacular Name: Nirmuli (O, Ba,); Sandura-banda (Sa); Ara-roamr(Mu); Alok-pui (Lo). Parts used: Whole plant Ethnomedicinal Uses: Plant paste (2gm) with paste of long pepper (Piper longum ) (1gm) is applied on the swelling portion of scortum before sleep for the treatment of Hydrocele. Handiphuta (Sa); Goudagan (Ba); Sarat (Mu).
27. Desmodium gangeticum (L) DC.Prod. Family with Collection Number - (FABACEAE)/275 Vernacular Name: Saloporni, Salpheni, Chokkosondo, Salpani, (O, Ba) chakulia (Lo); Tandibhidi, Ote-rai (Sa) Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of root (15ml) is taken in empty stomach once for seven days for the treatment of Malaria. Chhanua(Ba); Noto & Kotoria (Lo); Gandidhar (Mu).
28. Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. Prod. Family with Collection Number - (FABACEAE)/277 Vernacular Name: Dongerabuta, Salparni, Krishnapani (O, Ba); Baephol, Balphol (Sa), krishna -pani (Lo). Parts Used: Aerial Part Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of plant (4 ml.) mixed with rice bear (Oryza sativa) (1 ml.) is taken twice a days as a tonic for fattening of bodies up to two months. Sarabasa (Sa); Ashanabani (Ba); Badajhada (Mu).
29. Dillenia aurea Sm. Family with Collection Number - (DILLE NIACEAE) /136. Vernacular Name: Rai, (O, Ba); Rai-daru, (Lo); Korkotta (Sa, Ko). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Extract of stem bark (10ml) is taken once a day for two week in empty stomach for restoration of health after child birth and decoction of leaf with common salt in same ratio is taken once a day for seven days against griping pain. Dangarachua (Sa); Nuasahi (Ba); Gandidhar (Mu).
30. Dillenia indica L. Family with Collection Number - (DILLE NIACEAE). /207 Vernacular Name: Awoo, Rai, Dau, Uvu, Oao, (0, Ba); Chalta (Lo); Korkotta (Sa, Ko). Parts Used: Leaf paste Ethnomedicinal Uses: Leaf paste is applied for the treatment of carbuncle once a day before bed, Kotaria (Lo); Nuasahi (Ba); Sarabasa (Sa).
31. Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Family with Collection Number - (DILLE NIACEAE)/231 Vernacular Name: Rai (OKo, Bh); Aghai(Mu); Sahar, Korkota(Mu). Parts Used: Stem bark. Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of stem bark (2ml) mixed with lime water (1ml) is taken twice a day before food for cure of blood dysentery and Midwives (Dai) of ethnic group uses tree gum for delivery purpose. Handiphuta (Sa); Uthanisahi (Ba); Nandurusahi (Ko).
32. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Family with Collection Number - (DIOSCCOREACEAE). /287 Vernacular Name: Jo-sang (Lo); Beng-Sang (Sa, Mu), Khamba-alu (O, Ba,). Parts Used: Tuber Ethnomedicinal Uses: Tuber paste (2gm) with paste of keon-kanda (Costus specious) (1gm) is prescribed as a cure for piles. Gandidhara (Mu); Kundabai (Lo); Dukura.
33. Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.. Family with Collection Number - (EBENACEAE). /290 Vernacular Name: Kendu (O, Ba) Tinil, Tendu, Kendu, (Lo)Tiril (Sa); Duri, During (Ko). Ethnomedicinal Uses: Mixture of decoction of young leaves (3ml) with unboiled egg (2gm)& rice bran oil (2ml) is prescribed for the treatment of night blindness. Podaastia (Sa); Gandidhar (Mu); Bangi riposhi (Ba).
34. Elephantopus scaber L. Family with Collection Number - (ASTERACEAE)./387. Vernacular Name: Tutamuli, Tatmuli, Meghuchuria, Mayurchandrica, Mayurchulia, Dastigatcho, Amtuliya Chhota-rasna (O, Ba) Mara-kata-ba (Lo); Madhu-jubi (Mu); Manjurijuti (Sa). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Root paste (10gm) is taken twice a day after food for a week for the treatment of pain during discharge of urine. Thakurmunda (Mu); Nachimpur (Ba); Kalmagadia (Sa).
35. Euphorbia nerifolia auct. non L. Hook.f. in Hook.f. Family with Collection Number - (EUPHORBIACEAE). /267 Vernacular Name: Siju, Thua (O, Ba), Kanta-mansa (Lo); Ekte (Mu & Sa). Parts Used: Latex Ethnomedicinal Uses: Fresh diluted latex is used as purgative and Juice of fermented leaves is used for the treatment of rheumatism. Kotoria (Lo); Jaranata (Sa); Talia (Ba).
36. Evolvulus nummularis L. Family with Collection Number - (CONVOLVULACEAE)./268 Vernacular Name: Bichhamalia, Krishna ankaranti (O, Ba); Jungi-ba, Tandi kode baha (Sa Mu). Parts Used: Whole plant Ethnomedicinal Uses: Plant paste (3gm) with Kusum seed oils (Schleichera oleosa. is used continuously fifteen days twice a day after food for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Kotoria (Lo); Sarat (Sa); Thakurmunda (Ba).
37. Ficus hispida L.f. Suupl. Family with Collection Number - (MORACEAE)./366. Vernacular Name: Panidimiri, Demburu, Kharsen, Dimiri, Baidimiri, (O,Ba); Duma (Sa); Kosta (Lo). Parts Used: Fruit Ethnomedicinal Uses: Boiled green fruits given to mother as a glactogogue for better milk. Hadarachua (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba); Badajhada (Mu).
38. Ficus religiosa L. Family with Collection Number - (MORACEAE)./369 Vernacular Name: Pipalo, Usto, Aswatta, Jori,(O, Ba, Go); Pipa (Sa); Jitia (Lo); Pippala (Ko). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark paste (3gm) with lime water (1ml) is prescribed as a cure for swelling of glands in armpit and diluted latex is applied as a cure of skin diseases. Sarabasa (Sa, K); Handiputa (Mu, Ko); Kantagadi (Ba).
39. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Family with Collection Number - (FLACOURTIACEAE)./167 Vernacular Name: Baicha (O, Ba); Merle -daru, Baichi (Lo); Lakar-kati (Sa). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark paste is applied by rubbing the skin for the treatment of Eczema..Kotoria (Lo, Ko); Sarabasa (Sa); Badajhada (Mu, K).
40. Gloriosa superba L. Family with Collection Number - (LILIACEAE)./199. Vernacular Name: Nanga-nangalia, Ognisikha, Meheria phulo, Karihari (O, Ba, Su); Bing-ki-chung (Lo); Jagar (Mu); Samansom, Siric- samano (Sa). Parts Used: Tuber Ethnomedicinal Uses: Tuber paste (3 gm) with paste of long peppers (Piper longum) (1gm) is prescribed once a day for twenty days as a cure for rheumatism. Gandidhara (Mu, Go); Kundabai (Lo); Gadiapal (Sa, K).
41. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Family with Collection Number - (VERBENACEAE)./189. Vernacular Name: Gambari, Bhodroporni, Kumar, Gambhari (O, Ba) Kasmar-daru (Sa & Lo). Parts Used: Root bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of root bark is used for washing & healing of septic wounds. Sarabasa (Sa); Nuasahi (Ba); Gandidhar (Mu); Kotoria (Lo); Uthanisahi (Ko).
42. Helicteres isora L. Family with Collection Number - (STERCULIACEAE)./171. Vernacular Name: Murmuria, Muri-muri, Kurkurbicha, (O, Ba, Su) Atmura; Ratandaru (Lo); Keheli; (Mu); Kurkure (Sa). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Leaf is juice is used as a disinfectant on cut wounds for healing and fruits are boiled on Pongamia pinnata oil and used as massage on rheumatic swelling for the treatment of rheumatism. Hadarachua (Sa, K); Monobhanga (Mu, Go); Tangiria (Ko).
43. Heliotropium indicum L. Family with Collection Number - (BORAGINACEAE)./250 Vernacular Name: Hati-sura (Lo); Hatisundha (O, Ba, Su, Go). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Root paste (3mg) with lime is used by rubbing the infected portion of skin as a cure for ring worms and decoction of root (10ml) with honey (2ml) is taken as vitamin for iron deficiency by woman against anemia during pregnancy period. Sarabanaghati (Ba, Su); Sarabasa (Sa); Hadrachua (Ko); Noto (Lo).
44. Hemidesmus indicus (L) R. Br. Family with Collection Number - (PERIPLOCACEAE). /254 Vernacular Name: Anantamul (O, Ba, Su); Gargeri, Analsing (Sa); Tarjamala (Mu). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Root paste (about 10gm) is taken in empty stomach continuously seven days for the treatment of leucoderma. Handiphuta, Sagadi (Sa, Ko); Bhaluhuduca (Mu); Kantagadi (Ba, Su).
45. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Family with Collection Number - (MALVACEAE)./346. Vernacular Name: Parijat, Mondaro, Mandar (O, Ba); Jaba-gacha.(Lo, Mu, Sa). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark paste (15gm) is given to woman continuously five days for causing abortion and mixture of pasty mass of flower buds (3gm) with rust of iron (2gm) and country liquor (2ml) is taken by women at the days of menstruation as a contraceptive. Kotoria (Lo, Ko); Bhalughudura (Sa, Su); Asanbani (Ba Go).
46. Holorrhena pubescens (Buch-Ham.) Wall. Family with Collection Number - (APOCYANACEAE)./386 Vernacular Name: Kureni (O, Ba, Go, Su); Kurchi (Sa); Patadali (Mu, Ko). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark infusion with honey in the ratio of 3: is taken once a day in empty stomach for cure of dysentery. Sarabasa (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba); Noto (Lo); Chuniposhi (Ko).
47. Justicia adhatoda L. Family with Collection Number - (ACANTHACEAE)./249 Vernacular Name: Vasak, Basango, Basak (O, Ba, Go, Su); Lupuna-ara, toroe-ara (Lo). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: 5 pieces of root paste with 2-3 pieces of roots of Abrus precatorius L. and 3-4 pieces of roots of Achyranthes aspera is mixed and the grinded pasty mass taken twice a day after meal for twenty days as cure for the treatment of piles. Kotoria (Lo, Ko); Bhurudubani (Ba, Bh); Dangarasahi (Sa).
48. Lantana camara (L.) var. aculeate (L.) Mold. Family with Collection Number - (VERBENACEAE)./247 Vernacular Name: Malaria-jara, Putus, Bhat-bhirabi (Lo); Puhes (Sa). Parts Used: Stem Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of plant (15ml) is taken for the treatment of tetanus & there is strict prohibition of taking of sour food during treatment and decoction of leaf is taken twice a day for a week after food for the treatment of malaria fever. Kanakadhipa (Mu, Sa); Sagadi (Ba, Go); Kantagadi.
49. Mangifera indica L. Family with Collection Number - (ANACARDIACEAE )./349. Vernacular Name: Amba, Ambo,(O, Ba, Su, Go); Uli, Maska (Ko, Sa); Uli-daru, Ambati (Lo). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark decoction (15ml) is taken in empty stomach twice a day continuously for three days as a cure for blood dysentery and pasty mass of cotyledons is applied on heads as a cure for falling of hairs. Sarabasa (Sa); Raikalia (Ba); Kotoria (Mu).
50. Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Macbr.var.latifolia A.Chevb.Family with Collection Number - (SAPOTACEAE)/291Vernacular Name: Mahula, Moha (O, Ba, Su, Go, Bh); Mahul-daru (Sa, Mu); Mahua, Maul,(Lo). Parts Used: Honey from flower Ethnomedicinal Uses: Nectary honey collects from flowers and is taken continuously 7-days for cure of piles. Sarabasa (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba); Thakurmunda (Go, Su).
51. Martynia annua L Family with Collection Number - (MYRTYNIACEAE)./294. Vernacular Name: Angora, Bagha-nakhi (O, Ba Su, Go); Bilai Sarsar (Ko); Bana sarsar (Mu); Gay mukhi (Sa). Parts Used: Seed Oil Ethnomedicinal Uses: Seed oil is applied on swelling of joints for the treatment of rheumatism. Kundabai (Lo, Su); Handiphuta (Sa); Bhurudubani (Ba Bh); Dangarasahi (Ko).
52. Mimosa pudica L. Family with Collection Number - (MIMOSACEAE)/288 Vernacular Name: Lajakuli, Lajkui, Lajuli, Nachkuli (O, Ba, Su); Lajuri, Lazomori (Lo); Lajkuni (Sa). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of root (3ml) mixed with paste of Piper longum (2gm) is taken in empty stomach once in the morning up to fifteen days for the treatment of chylous urine.Noto (Lo); Jambaban (Ba); Sagadi (Mu).
53. Mimosa himalayana Gamble. Family with Collection Number - (MIMOSACEAE)./278 Vernacular Name: Kirkichi, Kirkichikanta, (O, Ba, Su); Langra-kanta, soiphur (Lo); Lajkuni (Sa). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of root (3ml) mixed with leaf paste of Cymbopogon species (2gm) prescribed twice a day after food as a medicine against vomiting during fever. Noto (Lo, K); Jambabani (Ba, Bh); Sagadi (Mu, Go); Kaliasahi (Ko); Bangiriposhi (Su).
54. Momordica charantia L. Family with Collection Number - (CUCURBITACEAE)./131 Vernacular Name: Kalara, Kolera, (O, Ba, Su, Bh); Koradi (Sa & Mu). Parts Used: Fruit Ethnomedicinal Uses: Fruit juice (3ml) mixed with root paste of Hemidesmus indicus (2gm) is taken twice a day after food for one month against sex debility. Handiphuta (Sa); Raikalia (Ba, Su); Monobhanga (Mu, Ko, Go).
55. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Family with Collection Number - (RUTACEAE)./136 Vernacular Name: Kamini, Ban mallik, Harkankali, Birijugi, Had kinkali (O, Ba, Su); Kamini-ba (Sa); Atil-sing (Lo). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Leaf paste (5gm) mixed with lime water (2ml) is applied twice a day against inflammation at the base of ear and decoction of root (2ml) mixed with honey (1ml) is given to children twice a day after food for the treatment of black fever. Sarabasa (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba, Su); Kuliana (Ko); Gandidhar (Mu, Go).
56. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.Family with Collection Number - (OLEACEAE)./316.VernacularName: Gangaseoli, Godokodika, Gurjoseoli, Singaroharo, Sepli, Sedi, Siruli, Ganthakhelika, Gutikhadica, Goudakhadika (O, Ba, Su, Go); Chirat, Saparon (Sa).Parts Used: Stem Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of stem (3ml) with common salt (2gm) is taken in empty stomach for cure of dysentery and decoction of leaf (10ml) with paste of Piper longum (2gm) & honey (1ml) is taken twice a day before food against cold, cough & fever. Karanjia (Sa); Gandidhar (Mu); Jashipur (Ba Su, Go).
57. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Fruct. Family with Collection Number - (NYMPHAECEAE)./321 Vernacular Name: Padam, Ranga padam, Dhala padam, Kani (O, Ba); Pundi - Salakid, Kakanada - Salukid (Lo). Parts Used: Flower Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of red-flowered plants (Kakananda Salukid,) about 15ml is taken in empty stomach once a day for treatment of blood dysentery. Taldiha (Lo, Go); Ambadiha (Ba, Su); Patharkhani (Ko).
58. Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Var. dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Benson. Family with Collection Number - (CACTACEAE)./324 Vernacular Name : Nagphani, Nagophenia, Nagphani, (O, Ba, Su, Go) Nagaphini (Sa). Parts Used: Phylloclade Ethnomedicinal Uses: Pasty mass of whole plant (3gm) mixed with common salt (2gm) is taken twice for fifteen days as a cure for swelling of joints. Noto (Lo, K); Sarat (Ba, Su); Badajhada (Mu); Padmapokhari (Ko).
59. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Family with Collection Number - (BIGNONIACEAE)./322 Vernacular Name : Phonphana, Phampan (O, Ba, Su); Rengebanam, Samahauk (Lo); Bans-hatak pareri (Sa). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of stem bark (2ml) with common salt (1gm) is prescribed twice a day for one month against menorrhagia of women. Noto (Lo, Ko) Kaptipada (Sa); jambabni (Ba, Bh), Gandidhar (Mu).
60. Ocimum gratissium L. Family with Collection Number - (LAMIACEAE)./317 Vernacular Name: Gandhatulsi (O, Ba); Dimbu (Sa); Dimbu-baha (Lo). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Dried leaf powder is smoked as a cigarette for getting relief from asthma and leaf juice (3ml) with honey is given to babies once in the early morning continuously ten days for the treatment of common cold & cough. Babgiriposhi (Sa, Ko); Kantagadi (Ba); Noto (Lo).
61. Oryza sativa L. Family with Collection Number - (POACEAE)./269 Vernacular Name: Dhano, Dhanno (O, Ba, Su, Go, Sa & Lo). Parts Used: Seed Ethnomedicinal Uses: -5 grains of rice with stale water is taken in the early morning for one month as a cure for gastric troubles. Karangia (Sa); Jashipur (Ba, Su); Gandidhar (Mu); Kosta (Lo).
62. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene. Family with Collection Number - (VERBENACEAE). /318 Vernacular Name: Gosingi, (O, Ba, Su); Jalapipla (Sa). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of root (3ml) with un boiled egg (2mg) is given to women to promote sexual desire. Gadiapala (Sa); Ashanabani (Ba, Su); Kaliasahi (Ko).
63. Phyllanthus emblica L. Family with Collection Number - (EUPHORBIACEAE)./273 Vernacular Name : Amla, Anola (O, Ba, Su, Go); Aouha, Meral (Sa); Miral-daru (Lo); Aura (Ko). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Fresh leaf juice (2ml) with diluted solution of common salt (1ml) used as a drop in eyes for improving weak eye sight. Kotoria (Lo, K); Nuasahi (Ba, Go); Handiphuta (Sa); Kaliasahi (Ko).
64. Plumbago zeylanica L. Family with Collection Number - (PLUMBAGINACEAE)./263 Vernacular Name: Dhola chitaparu, Chintamani, Ogni chitapari, (O, Ba, Su, Go); Chitaparu, Kitamuli (Lo) Sitaparu (Ko); Chitur (Mu). Parts Used: Root Ethnomedicinal Uses: Root is boiled in mustard oil and used for the treatment of rheumatism. Bhaluhuduca (Mu, Go); Sarabasa (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba, Su).
65. Psidium guajava L. Family with Collection Number - (MYRTACEAE)./239 Vernacular Name: Pijuli, Peda (O, Ba Su Go); Peara (Lo); Tamras (Sa). Parts Used: Flower Ethnomedicinal Uses: Dried flower powder is prescribed to smoke as cigarette to get relieve from headache. Noto (Lo); Mankadapada (Ko, Bh); Raikalia (Ba, Su).
66. Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd Sp. Family with Collection Number - (STERCULIACEAE)./ 252 Vernacular Name: Kanaka champa (O, Ba, Su); Musch-kunidu-baha (Lo); Muskundu-daru (Mu, Sa). Parts Used: Flower Ethnomedicinal Uses: Dried flower powder is mixed with coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) and is applied on head for killing of hair lice. Handiphuta (Sa); Jadida (Ba); Kaptipada (Mu).
67. Saccharum officinarum L. Family with Collection Number - (POACEAE)./258 Vernacular Name : Akho, Aku (O, Ba, Su, Go); Akh (Lo & Sa). Parts Used: Stem Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem juice (5gm) with paste of black peppers (Piper nigrum ) (1gm) is prescribed for the treatment of constitutional disorder. Manida (Ba, Su, Go); Badajhada (Mu); Dukura (Ko).
68. Santalum album L. Family with Collection Number - (SANTALACEAE)./209 Vernacular Name: Chandan (O, Ba, Su, Go). Parts Used: Wood Ethnomedicinal Uses: Wood paste is applied on forehead against headache and oil is used as stimulant and expectorant for bronchitis. Uthanisahi (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba); Badajhada (Ba); Kaliasahi (Ku).
69. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Family with Collection Number - (SAPINDACEAE)./207 Vernacular Name: Kusum, Pagada (O, Ba, Su, Go); Kohumu, (Ko); Beru (Mu); Pusar (Sa). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark paste is applied on skin before bed as curative against for itching and seed oil are used for treatment of gout and scabies Uthanisahi (Mu, Ko); Handiphuta (Sa); Ambadiha (Ba, Su).
70. Scoparia dulcis L Family with Collection Number - (SCROPHULARIACEAE)./223. Vernacular Name: Chirarita, Khelopapada (O, Ba, Su); Chirarita (Ko); Boradajing (Sa); Atsirsa (Mu); Chinisagar, Barigaugai (Lo). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of leaf (20ml) is taken twice continuously ten days for the treatment of sore throat. Kantagadi (K); Kaliasahi (Ko); Thakurmunda (Su, Go).
71. Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.)W.F.Wight. Family with Collection Number - (FABACEAE). /257 Vernacular Name: Dhanicha (O, Ba, Su); Charpijang (Sa). Parts Used: Seed Ethnomedicinal Uses: Mixture of seed paste (3 gm) with lime water (1ml.) is applied before bed as a cure for ring worm. Raikalia (Sa); Phulgadia (Ba); Bdajhada (Mu).
72. Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.Fruct. Family with Collection Number - (DIPTEROCARPACEAE). /588 Vernacular Name: Sal, Salura, Sekura, Sagua, Rengal (O, Ba, Su, Go); Sarjam (Sa, Ko); Sakhu (Mu); Sal-mugra (Lo). Parts Used: Seed Ethnomedicinal Uses: Seed paste is applied with slight boiling before bed for the treatment of carbuncle. Bhaluhuduka (Ko, K); Sagadi (Ba, Su); Sarabasa (Sa); Chhanua (Mu).
73. Sida acuta Burm. f. Family with Collection Number - (MALVACEAE)./187 Vernacular Name: Bariari, Bajarmuli, Ipirpunga, Ancharna, Siobola, Sunakhadika, (O, Ba, Su, Go); Nelakuturi, Ipipijon (Ko) pirpiching (Mu) Birmiru-baha, Chiknidal (Sa); Nelakuturi,Carchija (Lo). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of leaf (3ml) mixed with paste of (2gm) Piper nigrum and lime water (1ml) is taken twice a day after food for a week as a cure for swellings of scrotum. Kaptipada (Sa, Ko); Dibasahi (Mu); Jambabani (Ba, Bh).
74. Solanum Violaceum Orteg. Family with Collection Number - (SOLANACEAE)./311 Vernacular Name: Bhejibaigana, Kantra, Dengabheji, (O, Ba, Su); Bayakew (Lo); Huring-hanged (Mu); Poko-bhijri (Sa). Parts Used: Fruit Ethnomedicinal Uses: Green Fruits (10-12) fried in mustard (Brassica campestris) oil is taken for the treatment of cough & cold. Chuinposhi (Mu); Gardiapala (Sa); Karanjia (Ba, Go).
75. Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.)A.Juss. Family with Collection Number - (MELLIACEAE)./319 Vernacular Name: Rohini, Sawan, Sohan, Swam (O, Ba, Su); Rahara, Scean, Taka-Rahora (Lo); Ruhingruning-daru (Sa). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of stem bark (5 ml) is prescribed to woman for one month twice a day after food as a cure for anemia. Sarabasa (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba); Kaptipada (Mu); Baubandh (Ko, K).
76. Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz. Family with Collection Number - (ANACARDIACEAE)./306. Vernacular Name: Ambada, Ambota, Amta (O, Ba, Su); Amubru (Mu); Ambra (Sa); Srena (Ko); Ma-joada (Lo). Parts Used: Root bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Root bark paste (5gm) with mustard oil (1ml) used as massage for the treatment of muscular pain. Kuliana (Mu); Uthanisahi ( Ko); Handiphuta (Sa); Ambadiha (Ba); Kotoria(Lo).
77. Streblus asper Lour. Family with Collection Number - (MORACEAE)./261 Vernacular Name: Sara, Sahuda, Sahada (O, Ba, Su, Go); Ote-chum, Skri-Saijnga (Lo); Sahara (Sa). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark paste (about10gm) is taken once a day continuously one month for the treatment of elephantiasis. Taladiha (Lo); Uthanisahi (K); Talia (Su).
78. Strychnos nux-vomicaL.Sp. Family with Collection Number - (STRYCHNACEAE)./299 Vernacular Name: Kuchila (O, Ba, Su, Go); Gorumar (Sa). Ethnomedicinal Uses: Pasty mass of stem (3gm) with Kusum (schleihcera oleosa) Seed oil (1ml) is prescribed twice a day after food for ten days continuously for the treatment of Leucoderma. Hadrachua (Sa); Nuasahi (Ba); Kantagadi (Su); Patharakhani (Ko).
79. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.ex Dc.) Wight & Arn. Family with Collection Number - (COMBRETACEAE)./305 Vernacular Name: Arjuna (O, Ba, Su, Go); Behra, Kahua (Sa). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of stem bark (20 ml.) is taken once a day in empty stomach continuously five days for the treatment of malaria fever. Bhaluhuduka (Mu); Sagadi (Ba) Hadarachua (Su); Salamunduli (Go); Gadiapal (Ko).
80. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Family with Collection Number - (COMBRETACEAE). /303. Vernacular Name: Bhadara, Bahada (O, Ba); Behra (Sa); Lupung -daru (Lo). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark paste (2gm) is prescribed to women with boiled water twice a day after food continuously ten days as a cure for leucoderma. Kotoria (Lo, Ko); Sarabasa (Sa); Gandidhar (Mu); Thakurmunda (Go).
81. Terminalia chebula Retz. Family with Collection Number - (COMBRETACEAE)./300 Vernacular Name: Kasaphala, Harida (O, Ba, Su); Rola-daru, Hara (Lo); Hora-daru (Sa). Parts Used: Fruit Ethnomedicinal Uses: Fruit infusion (15 ml) is taken in empty stomach once a day as cure for dysentery. Kaptipada (Sa); Chhanua (Ba); Monabhanga (Mu).
82. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Family with Collection Number - (FABACEAE). /304 Vernacular Name: Bano-kuthi, Gileri, Kulathio, Ban-nilo, Mohisia-Kotathiya, Pokha, Soropokha, Kulathia (O, Ba, Su); Nol-gach, Bir-chakunda (Lo); Anuraida (Sa). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of leaf (5ml) mixed with honey (2ml) given to women twice a day continuously for one month against post natal complications. Podadiha (Ba, Su); Monobhanga (Go); Gandidhar (Mu).
83. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thoms. Family with Collection Number - (MENISPERMACEAE)./285. Vernacular Name: Gulachi, Gulochi, Guluchilata, Tihada (O, Ba, Su); Gursilali,(Ko); Cunchi (Sa); Titmaal, Nim-gulancha (Lo). Parts Used: Stem Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of stem (3ml) with common salt (2gm) is taken in empty stomach for one month for the cure of acidity. Taldiha & Noto (Lo); Sarat (Ba, Su).
84. Triticum aestivum L. Family with Collection Number - (POACEAE)./245 Vernacular Name: Gahama, Gonhu, (O, Ba, Su); Goin, Gahu (Lo & Sa). Parts Used: oil of the ghost Ethnomedicinal Uses: Wheat bran oil (5ml) with country liquor (3ml) is prescribed to girls for treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful menstruation). Gandidhar (Mu); Kundabai (Lo); Gadiapal (Sa).
85. Tridax procumbens L. Family with Collection Number - (ASTERACEAE)./244 Vernacular Name: Bhumi poksungo, Bisalya karani (O, Ba, Su); Susumujar (Sa); Bisal gacha, Kulal puduga (Ku). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Fresh leaf juice is applied as antiseptic cream for healing of cut wounds. Gandidhar (Mu); Nachimpur (Ba); Kalmagadia (Sa).
86. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash in Small. Family with Collection Number - (POACEAE)./307 Vernacular Name: Bena (O, Ba, Su); Bena-ba, Sirom (Lo); Siromu, Siron (Mu & Sa). Parts Used: Stem Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem decoction (about 20ml) is prescribed as cure for diseases where urine with milky fluid due to suspense of fat globules in it. Gandidhar (Mu); Kundabai (Lo); Gadiapal (Sa); Rairangpur (Ko, K).
87. Vitex negundo L. Family with Collection Number - (VERBENACEAE)/281 Vernacular Name: Begunia, Nirgundi, Beyguna (O, Ba, Su, Bh); Bengunia-ba (Lo); Bengunia, Lunguni (Sa). Parts Used: Root bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of root bark (about 15ml) with paste of 21 black peppers (Piper nigrum) is taken twice a day after food continuously seven days for the treatment of typhoid fever. Kuliana (Sa); Nuasahi (Ba, Go); Gandidhar (Mu).
88. Withania somnifera L. Family with Collection Number - (SOLANACEAE)./242 Vernacular Name: Ashwagandha (O, Ba, Su); Care-su (Lo). Parts Used: Flower Ethnomedicinal Uses: Decoction of flower with honey is taken in the ratio of 5: frequently for one month against seminal weakness. Sarabasa (Sa); Nachhimpur (Ba); Bhaluhuduca (Mu); Kaliasahi (Ko).
89. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, J.Asiat. Family with Collection Number - (LYTHRACEAE)./315 Vernacular Name: Dhai, Dhatuki, Dhatki, Dhatuk, Jaliko, Harwari, Dhia, Dhataki (O, Ba, Su, Go); Icha, Ichak, Patakalu; (Sa); Dhawai-ba, Ichak-ba (Lo). Parts Used: Dried flower Ethnomedicinal Uses: Dried flower powder (5gm) with honey (1ml) is given to women once a day continuously one month for the treatment of leucorrhoea. Hadarachua (Sa); Nuasahi (Ba); Nandurusahi (Mu); Kaliasahi (Ko).
90. Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Family with Collection Number - (RHAMNACEAE)./211 Vernacular Name: Borokoli, Bodokoli, Bodori, Boyer, Barakuli (O, Ba, Su); Janumjan (Ko), Dodari, Kanta-pitali, Serka (Lo); Barkoir, Jam-janum (Sa). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Stem bark paste is taken twice a day after food as a cure for abdominal pain during pregnancy. Karanjia (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba); Kuliana (Ko).
91. Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Family with Collection Number - (RHAMNACEAE)./217 Vernacular Name: Kantakoli, Kantaikoli, Burukoli, Kanakoli, Tinkoli, (O, Ba, Su); Shiakul, Bir-janum (Lo); Janumbill, Bagriba (Sa). Parts Used: Stem bark Ethnomedicinal Uses: Mixture of decoction of stem bark (3ml) with paste of long peppers (Piper longum ) (2gm) is taken in empty stomach in early morning for cure of dysentery. Sarabasa (Sa); Kantagadi (Ba); Kundabai (Ko).
92. Ziziphus rugosas Lam. Family with Collection Number - (RHAMNACEAE)./248. Vernacular Name: Gutto, Gonti, Goto, Gotoboro, Kantabohul, Ghanto Ghat, (O, Ba, Su); Karkata-daru (Lo); Kotadi, Kat-baer (Sa.). Parts Used: Leaf Ethnomedicinal Uses: Pasty mass of leaves mixed with sugar (5 gm) & is taken as a preventive measure for pox. Sarabasa (Sa); Chhanua (Ba ); Monabhanga (Mu).
DISCUSSIONA number of organizations within India are concerned with maintaining India’s Traditional Medicine Systems. In addition, there is a wide spread development network, and established pharmaceutical industry and a wealth of botanical experts in the country. Until now, however, there has been little effort to document the volume and impact of national or international trade in India's medicinal plants. (Ganesan, S. and Kesavan, L, 2003 ) According to the latest figures, it costs around 800 million dollars to put a new drug on the market. When companies manufacture a product based on TK and convert it into a medicine, they “acquire” a product which is worth a few hundred million dollars (Jain, 1986, 1995). A USA based top pharmaceutical companies like MERCK, RANBAXY and SHAMAN are the classical examples. Such is the enormous potential hidden in these plants gifted by Nature. (Ahmad, M., Khan, M. A. and Qureshi, R. A, 2003). After lengthy discussions with the local doctors practising siddha, Ayurveda and unani (Indian alternative medical systems), it was learnt that these plants listed by the authors in this investigation are very much used by them in making various formulations for a variety of ailments. From the enumeration study, it is obvious that the tribes of similipal bioreserve, who either work as labourers or cultivate crops such as Paddy, Mandia, Jhoar and mostly depend on forest and the forest products to sustain their livelihood. (Saeed M. M, Arshad M, Ahmed E and Ishaque, M. 2004) The tribals inherit rich traditional knowledge about the flora investigated and apply this knowledge for making crude phytomedicines to cure infections as simple as cold to as complicated as cancer. These crude herbal medicines are based not only on traditional knowledge but also on rituals and beliefs. For instance the treatment given by the herbal healer for a patient suffering from jaundice is paste of a particular herb and onion along with a copper coin tied religiously around the shoulder and it is believed that it has a magical cure! Another remarkable feature of the study was the presence of sacred groves in all the hamlets. Sacred groves are one of the most important and essential bio-resources of the country. (Mukherjee T. K. 2004 ). It represents an ancient Indian system of conservation tradition, protected by the local people out of reverence and respect, fear and sentiment for Nature and incarnation of Nature. They are home to local flora and fauna, a veritable gene pool and mini biosphere reserve. It is note worthy that similipal bioreserve tribal village has the maximum number of sacred groves. It is observed with a sad note that this TK which formed the basis for origin of not only alternative medicine but also paved way to evolution of a gamut of new and novel modern medicines, is facing slow and natural death as these communities are eventually oriented more towards modern medicine as they believe it gives a quick remedy, while it is paradoxical to see the modern world of late, focusing more on alternative medicine which has herbal base predominantly. Presently, very few elders in the tribal community practice herbal cure, while the young and current generation knows little or nothing about the traditional herbal medicines. If this trend continues, a few years from now, there will not be even a single elder member in tribal community who knows TK on medicinal plants to welcome an ethno-botanist with “EVERYTHING GREEN IS MEDICINE”.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to Dr N. K. Dhal and N.C. Rout Taxonomist (RRL, Bhubaneswar) for their valuable and consistent support and guidance during this work.
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