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Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13:
1257-1271, 2009. Wound
Healing Ethnomedicinal Plants Popular among the
Malayali Tribes in Vattal Hills, Dharmapuri, TN, India S. Ramya1, N. Alaguchamy1, VM. Maruthappan1
R. Sivaperumal2, M. Sivalingam2, A. Krishnan3,
V. Govindaraji4, K. Kannan4 and R. Jayakumararaj1,2 1 Department of Biotechnology, R D
Government Arts College, Sivagangai � 630 561 2 Department of Botany, Government
Arts College, (Periyar University), Dharmapuri � 636 705 3 Department of Commerce, Government
Arts College, (Periyar University), Dharmapuri � 636 705 4Dept of Botany, Periyar Institute of
Distance Education (PRIDE), Periyar University, Salem � 636011 Issued 01 October 2009
Abstract
Healing of chronic lower extremity wounds
is a global problem, especially in developing countries where traditional
medicine is often used by the people in remote places. India has a rich
tradition of plant based knowledge pertinent to healthcare. A survey of
ethnomedicinal plant species used by Malayali�s to heal cut/ wounds in Vattal
Hills of Dharmapuri was made. A large number of plants/ extracts/ decoctions/
pastes are used by tribals to heal wounds, cuts and burns. In the present study, an attempt has been made to document ethnobotanical knowledge base and
methods employed by Malayali�s for treatment of cut/ wounds. A large number
of ethnomedicinal plants used by the Malayali�s have not been validated for
wound healing potential.
The present investigation resulted in the
identification of 82 medicinal plant species distributed across 39 families
that are used by Malayali�s to heal cut/ wounds. This study is an attempt to gather the information on the existing ethnobotanical
knowledge base and document the traditional claims toward the development of
safe of effective herbal drugs for cut/ wounds. Results of the study is
organized in table form depicting the botanical name, family, vernacular name
and habit with a brief note on plant parts used and method of administration. Key words: Malayali�s; Vattal Hills; Ethnomedicine; Traditional Knowledge; Wound
Healing; Medicinal Plants.
Introduction
������
Traditional folk medical practices are empirical in nature, several
million people in India with limited access to organized modern health care
centers depend on traditional systems of medicine to cater their primary
health care needs. Traditional systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha and
Unani) are well established in India and are widely acknowledged to be
effective and safe without any side effects (Farnsworth, 1998). ������ India is rich in ethnic diversity and
traditional knowledge (TK) that has resulted in a considerable body of
ethnobotanical research. There are over 537 different aboriginal groups in
India with widespread knowledge of plants (Jain, 1991). Traditional system of
medicines has been in use over thousands of years in India. Significant
contributions have been made by its practitioners particularly the primary
health care providers at the community level (Jain, 1967). Folk healers (Nattu
Vaidhiyars) in remote places use local flora for treating and preventing
ailments and are generally considered as healthcare resource in rural places
inaccessible to modern health care services. It has been estimated by WHO that at least 80% of the population globally relies on traditional
medicine to meet their primary health care needs (Bannerman,
1982; WHO, 2000). Traditional
folk medicine uses the knowledge, skills and practices based on theories,
beliefs and experiences indigenous to its people and culture for maintenance
of health. It holds a heritage of communal acceptance and is solely based on
the expertise gained by herbalists over a period of time (Ayensu, 1986; Ved and Goraya, 2008).
������ Use of traditional medicine has
changed dramatically over the years, due to its affordability, availability,
accessibility and acceptability (WHO, 2008). Nevertheless, scientific
evidence from the viewpoint of safety and effectiveness of traditional
medicine products and practices is limited. Therefore, ethnobotanists, all
over the world, have been actively working to collect, document and conserve
indigenous medicinal plant resources and the associated traditional knowledge
base. Studies on the use of and hunt for plant based drugs have accelerated
in recent times as they are safe and have fewer side effects.
Ethno-pharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and pharma-chemists are to
comb in the hunt for novel bioactive compounds "leads" which could
be developed as an effective drug for treatment of various infectious
diseases (Pushpangadan
and Atal, 1984; Cowan, 1999; Ved and Goraya, 2008). ������� India is one among the 12-mega
biodiversity centres having about 10% of the world�s biodiversity wealth,
which is distributed across 16 agro-climatic zones. Out of 17,000 species of
higher plants reported to occur within India, 7500 are known to have
medicinal uses. This proportion of medicinal plants is the highest known in
any other country against the existing flora of that country (Shiva, 1996). The
vibrant repository of medicinal plants is perhaps the base for the sophisticated
indigenous medical heritages, with an unbroken tradition coming down across
millennia. The wealth is not only in terms of the number of unique species
documented so far for their medicinal use but also the depth of the
traditional knowledge base about the uses for human, veterinary health care
and crop protection (Ved and Goraya, 2008). ������� It has been estimated
that folk healers in India use approximately about 2500 species of medicinal
plants which few more than 100 species serve as regular sources of medicine
(Pei, 2001; Jain and Patole, 2001; Ved and Goraya, 2008). Ethnomedicine has attracted of scientists world over and received
renewed attention in India in recent past because of its local acceptability.
Plant extracts used in ethno medical treatments is enjoying great popularity,
however, lacks scientific validation (Cowan,
1999; Ved and Goraya, 2008). ������� Traditional medicine still remains
the main choice for a large majority of people for treating various diseases
and ailments. Management in various forms of diseases like Diabetes,
Cardiovascular disorders, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal and
wound healing etc. are made. In India, traditional medicines find its use on
par with Western medicine (Chopda and Mahajan, 2009). Moreover, those
affected by cut/ wounds invariably use the expertise of both the systems.
Classical management of wounds starts with an aseptic dressing and ends with
the rehabilitation of normal structure and function in the affected part of
the body. Ethno pharmacological or the plant based traditional therapy not
only accelerates the wound healing process but also to maintain the quality
and aesthetics during the process of wound healing (Kumar et al., 2007). ������� A survey of literature depicts that
raw material base for drugs used for different conditions of wound such as
ulcers, syphilitic ulcers, maggots, septic-wounds, cellulitis, purulative
ulcer, diabetic carbuncle and other related disorders are derived from
natural resources. More than 70% of wound healing pharma products are of
plant based, 20% are mineral based, and the remaining contain animal products
as their base material. The plant based materials are used as first aid,
antiseptic, coagulants, wound wash (extraction of pus), for infected wounds
(Ignacimuthu et al, 2006). However, only few investigations have been made to
assess the wound healing properties plants used by tribal people (et al.,
2009). Biswas and Mukherjee, (2003) reviewed wound healing plants and
described 164 plant species as novel source for obtaining bioactive
substances with potential wound healing activity. Recently, Muthu et al.,
(2006) have documented 16 remedies with wound healing potential used by
tribal community in Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu. Bhattacharya et al., (2007) made
an elaborate study on the healing properties of some Indian medicinal plants
against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration of rats. They demonstrated
that healing activity of the extracts of P. betel and E.
officinalis is due to their antioxidant and mucin augmenting activities.
However, pharmacological validation of Indian medicinal plants is very
limited and a large number of plants used in tribal and folklore with
enormous potential have not been validated for their wound healing properties
(Kumar et al., 2007). Recent Schmidt et al., (2009) in an experiment with ethanolic extract of twelve
plants pointed out that the hydrophilic extracts from Galinsoga parviflora,
Petiveria alliacea, Schinus molle, Waltheria douradinha and
Xanthium cavanillesii as well as the lipophilic extract of Waltheria
douradinha were effective in promoting wound healing activity. Therefore,
attempts to document wound healing activity of plants offers immense scope
for researchers engaged in validation of the traditional claims and
development of safe and effective drugs for cuts and wounds. Malayali�s are
predominant hill tribes of Vattal Hills, Dharmapuri, Tamilnadu. Tribals of
this community are familiar with local herbs and hold a vibrant knowledge
base with regard to the use of the local plants to cure various ailments
(Ramya et al., 2008). Their reliance on herbs for medicine has prompted the
present investigation. In this study, an attempt is made to enumerate the
medicinal plants used by the Malayali�s as remedies for wound healing. This
paper is an out come of an attempt to collect and document information about
ethnomedicinal plant species used in wound healing used by the tribal
community. Methodology
Geographic location of Vattal Hills,
Dharmapuri. Tamil Nadu is the 11th largest state in India with a
geographical area of 130058 km2 and lies between 11� 00' to 12�
00' N latitudes and 77� 28' to 78� 50' E longitudes. The total forest cover
Tamil Nadu is 21482 km2 (16.52%) that includes 12,499 km2 of
dense forests (9.61%) and 8,963 km2 of open forests (6.91%). Of
the total forest area of Tamil Nadu, 3305 km2 are under protected
area (15%) which includes, 8 Wildlife sanctuaries, 12 Bird sanctuaries, 5
National parks, 3 Biosphere reserves and one Tiger reserve (Annamalai, 2004).
The study area, Vattal Hills is located in the Dharmapuri district Tamilnadu,
India (Fig. 1) there are many villages occurring and every Malayali village
has several hamlets. Hamlets are found in different elevations (1100m).
Temperature in the study area ranges from 12�C to 25�C during Mar � Apr and
averages between 12�C during Dec and 35�C during Apr � May (Ramya et al.,
2008). Ethnobotanical survey With the primary objective of gathering information about the
traditional medicines used for wound healing used by Malayali people dwelling
in the Hills were surveyed. Local traditional healers having practical knowledge
of plants in medicine were interviewed during Oct 2008 � Apr 2009.
Ethnobotanical data were collected according to the methodology suggested by
Jain and Goel (1995). Ethnobotanical data were collected using questionnaire,
interviews and discussions in their local dialect. Traditional medicines used
for promoting wound healing were gathered from the folk healers, elderly man
and experienced individuals practicing indigenous medicines. Information was
considered only after confirmation through two or more informants. Based on
the information provided by tribals, plant specimens were collected, and
there identity was established using the local flora (Gamble, 1935; Mathew,
1983; 1991).
Medicinal plants used in the treatment of cut/ wound are listed in
Table 1. The plants are arranged in alphabetical order of their botanical
names, followed by the family and a brief note on plant parts used. In this
study, 82 plant species belonging to 38 families have been recorded, that
contributes to more than hundred remedies for cut/ wounds. Traditional
healers use these plants to promote healing of cut/ wound besides other
ailments such as cold, fever, cough, headache, diarrhea, fertility problems,
toothache, stomach ache, diabetes, rheumatism, asthma, dysentery, small pox,
bone fractures, earache, hair loss and poison (snake, scorpion and insect)
bite etc., (Data not shown). The information collected from this study is in
agreement with the previous reports (Biswas and
Mukherjee, 2003; Chopda and Mahajan, 2009). Habit based classification of plants used revealed that maximum
remedies were obtained from Herb (33) followed by Tree (25) > Shrub (15)
> Climber (8) and Straggler (1) respectively, indicating that more than
40% of the remedies were obtained from the Herbs followed by Tree 31% >
Shrub 18% > Climber 10% and Straggler 1% (Fig. 2). Different parts of
medicinal plants viz., root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed, rhizome, tuber,
bark, pulp, latex and gums/resin were used as source of medicine by the local
traditional healers. Distribution analysis of plant parts used as source of
wound healing bioactive principle revealed that plant parts viz., Flower (4), Fruit (11), Leaf (34), Root
(17), Seed (12), Stem (16), Whole
plant (18). Percentage analysis of the plant part used were in following
order Leaf (30%) > Whole
plant (16%) > Root (15%) > Seed
(11%) > Fruit (10%) > Stem
(14%) > Flower (4%) (Fig.3). Further, most of the remedies for
wound healing were obtained from the leaves followed by whole plant. However,
plant products viz., latex (40%), oil (30%), gums (5%) and others (25%)
were in variably used as source of herbal drug to promote healing of wounds.
Maximum numbers of remedies used for promoting wound healing were invariably
used as external applicants, only few were taken orally.� Family wise distribution analysis of the plants used by the tribal
healers reveled that medicinal plant species were distributed across 39
families viz., Acanthaceae (2), Amaranthaceae (1), Anacardiaceae (1),
Annonaceae (1), Apiaceae (2), Apocynaceae (3), Araceae (1), Asclepiadaceae
(4), Asparagaceae (1), Asteraceae (5), Caesalpeniaceae (2), Cannabinaceae
(1), Combretaceae (2), Convolvulaceae (1), Crassulaceae (1), Cucurbitaceae
(1), Euphorbiaceae (3), Fabaceae (8), Lamiaceae (2), Liliaceae (2), Malvaceae
(1), Meliaceae (2), Mimosaceae (5), Moraceae (2), Moringaceae (1), Musaceae
(1), Myrtaceae (2), Nyctaginaceae (1), Oleaceae (1), Papaveraceae (2),
Poaceae (3), Portulacaceae (1), Rosaceae (1), Rubiaceae (1), Rutaceae (4),
Sapotaceae (1), Solanaceae (3), Verbenaceae (3), Zingiberaceae (3). Most of
the remedies were obtained from plants belonging to families Fabaceae (8)
followed by Asteraceae (5), Mimosaceae (5), Asclepiadaceae (4), Rutaceae (4),
Apocynaceae (3), Euphorbiaceae (3), Poaceae (3), Solanaceae (3), Verbenaceae
(3), Zingiberaceae (3), Acanthaceae (2), Apiaceae (2), Caesalpeniaceae (2),
Combretaceae (2), Lamiaceae (2), Liliaceae (2), Meliaceae (2), Moraceae (2),
Myrtaceae (2), Papaveraceae (2). In the study 18 families were represented by
single species (Fig. 4). Interestingly, most of the remedies used to promote wound healing were
derived from single plant. However, sometimes combination of two parts of the
same plant/ two or more plants has been documented. Besides, method of
preparation and administration of medicine varied significantly depending on
the plant species and plant part used. Most of the formulations used were in
the form of paste (prepared by grinding the plant material). Very rarely, animal
products were used in the formulations prepared for external application.
Animal products (such as milk or urine) also served as an ingredient in the
preparation. The paste is applied over the affected part of the body.
Alternatively, juice extracted from fresh plant material or powder form of
dry plant material was also used. The method of preparation used by the practitioners can broadly be classified into four categories, viz.: plant parts
applied as a paste, juice extracted from the fresh plant materials, powder
made from dried plant materials, decoction obtained from fresh plant
materials. External applications (cut/ wounds) and internal consumption of
the preparations were used to enhance the process of wound healing. The most
frequently used preparations were decoctions (taken internally) and powdered
plant material (external application). Traditional healers more frequently
use the plants that are available at the time to treat cut/ wounds, thus more
number of plants were invariably used for same property as an alternative
source. Table 1. Wound
healing plants used by Malayali tribals of Vattal Hills.
=============================================================================== Fig. 1. Location of the study area Vattal Hills,
Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu, India. Fig. 2. Habit wise percentage distribution of the
source of wound healing plants. Fig. 3. Percentage distribution of wound healing remedies obtained from different parts of the plant.
Fig. 4. Family
wise Distribution of Medicinal Plants used by the Malayali Tribal in Vattal
Hills of Dharmapuri Dist, Tamilnadu. Conclusion The survey indicates that, the study area has plenty of medicinal
plants to alleviate a wide spectrum of human ailments. Further, the
information gathered depicts that people of this area prefer folk medicine
due to their socio economical status, lack of modern health care facilities,
transportation and believe that plants are intricate aspect of their culture
and tradition. It is clearly evident from the study that the knowledge of
plants and its usage is limited to elderly Vaidhiyars. Since the
younger generation is not interested in learning the state of art and secrets
of traditional technology, there is a high risk of losing this vibrant
knowledge base in the near future. This rapidly vanishing cultural diversity
needs to be studied and documented before it disappears definitively.
Therefore, documenting and protecting Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)
has become key aspect in planning and management of natural resources.
Likewise, scientific validation though isolation and characterization of the
bioactive principle from plant is expected to pave way for novel drugs from
herbal source for the treatment of cut/ wounds. Acknowledgement The authors thank all those in Vattal Hills who have helped us in providing the information. We thank Vaithiyar Vadivel for his kind cooperation during the investigation. References Annamalai, R. 2004. Tamil Nadu biodiversity strategy and
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