Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14: 807-

 

Plant Species in the Folk Medicine of Kit Mikayi region, Western Kenya

Arwa S. Phanuel , Nyunja R.O. and Onyango J.C.

Department of Botany and Horticulture, Maseno University 

P.O, BOX 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya

Issued: July 1,  2010

 

Abstract

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Kit Mikayi area of Western Kenya was carried out in 2007. The area is adjacent to Lake Victoria, the second largest fresh water lake in the world. Being a shrine, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted with the aim of documenting the local plants of economic values which have over time attracted both local and foreign visitors. Thirty-seven species were documented and their use values and informant consensus factors were determined. The results were considered as important in defining conservation priorities as well as for further investigation of the identified plants for possible pharmacological applications.

Key words: Ethnobotanical, Informant consensus factors, Use values, Western Kenya. 

Introduction

Plants have been an integral part of life in many indigenous communities, and Africa is no exception (Sidigia et al, 1990). Apart from providing building materials, fodder, weapons and other commodities, plants are especially important as traditional medicines. Many tribes in Africa have elaborated plant knowledge (Fratkin 1996, Akama 1999). Western influences have however led to an accelerating decline of this tradition. Most knowledge is still transferred orally in many communities (Fratkin and Mearns 2003). The "Witchcraft Act" of 1925 outlawed traditional medicine in Kenya. The practice however continued, more concealed, until parts of the law were revoked with independence in 1963 (Sidigia et al, 1990). The western healthcare supplied by the government has been expanded in the last decades, but it is still often not readily available and many regions remain completely underserved.

Furthermore some regions have remained conserved and preserved for historical and cultural purposes in some areas such as Kakamega Forest and Kit Mikayi. Kit Mikayi is a region of Kisumu West district which consists of Kombewa and Maseno divisions. The region is named after an impressive rock ´´Kit Mikayi´´ that is close to Lake Victoria and which acts as a beautiful scenery. Apart from the scenic beauty of the formation and the landscape, it has significant cultural meaning for several groups of people. The area traverses the two divisions and extends to Lake Victoria, harboring plants of cultural value that are traditionally used to cure ailments by the local population.

This paper is a report of an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Kit Mikayi area of Western Kenya.

Materials and Methods

Field work was conducted from April to November 2007.The information was gathered from ethnobotanical interviews that were limited to herbalists living in remote regions, often with no more than two or three houses, where small families of peasants live.  Their economic way of life does not rely entirely on agriculture. Small landholdings, comprising the majority of the land adjacent to the settlements, are used for subsistence farming, and all our informants resided there. Preliminary investigations suggested that people living in larger villages and working in the secondary or tertiary sector did not retain knowledge about the local flora and its uses. Fifty-six participants were initially selected; most of them were women (60% female and 40% male), aged between 50 and 85 years (average age 65). Open informal interviews were used to collected information. Sixty four people were chosen from the selected participants on the basis of their ability to identify species in the field and to retain traditional knowledge of plant uses. Only the plants indicated by at least two informants were taken into account.

Generally, plants were collected with the informants, who were asked to indicate their vernacular names, the part(s) of the plant and its/their uses, and the preparation procedure.  Plant samples were identified in the field, except for dubious cases, which were brought back to the laboratory and identified. Voucher specimens of wild plants reported by informants in the study area were prepared and deposited in Maseno University Botanic Garden Herbarium.

 

 

The Informant consensus factors of the different species were determined according Moerman (2007) as:

.

Where nur is the number of mentions in each usage set (or indication),

and ni is the number of taxa represented in each usage set.

IAR=ICF

Results and Discussion

Ethnobotanical investigation in Kit Mikayi has revealed that 37 species, out of a total of about 400 medicinal species in Kenya (Kokwaro, 1976) were identified as been used. Table 1 shows the use value of the different medicinal plants (37 species) and their related applications. The use values of the different plants are almost similar thus suggesting high informant consensus values (Table 2). More than half (58%) of phytoremedies described were quoted by no more than four informants, which represent less than 20% of the total number of informants. This low consensus distribution suggests that indigenous knowledge are declining in this territory, and could explain the reduced number of plants used in folk therapy. Medicinal species listed belong mainly to Compositae , followed by Fabaceae, both with 6  species, Poaceae (5), Fagaceae (4) and Lamiaceae (4). These species are largely represented in the District and medicinal uses of their members have been reported from other regions in Kenya. In general, the phytotherapeutical plant use in the region is typical to all folk medicine, such as the use of the herbs individually or in potions, and the high number of plants administered to relieve pains.

However a comparison of the plants used in this region with those reported for neighbouring areas revealed that there were many uses that were valued in these plants but were not valued in other locations (20 of the 27 medicinal plants listed were involved), and that frequently, there were changes in the way the plants were administered. However, many of the peculiar medicinal uses documented in this area were quoted by Kokwaro (1993). Moreover, for some of these species namely Thunbergia alata , Crinum macowanii ,similar uses have been quoted in other countries, mainly in the South America  region. Some of these plants have been studied for their chemical and pharmacological properties, and the results could validate the folk therapeutic uses reported by  informants. An example of such is the seeds of Albizia Coriaria L., whose utilization has received clinical validation (WHO, 1999), and Plectranthus comosus L., that contains constituents with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Table 2 revealed that most species indicated had ICF value of 1.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge BIOTA E-2 Project for funding, Maseno University and the local population of Kit Mikayi.

References:

Akama, J. S. 1999 Marginalization of the Maasai in Kenya. Annals of Tourism Research, 26  (3):716-718.

Fratkin, E. M. 1996. Traditional medicine and concepts of healing among Samburu pastoralists of Kenya. Journal of Ethnobiology 16(1):63-97.

Fratkin, E. M., Mearns, R. 2003. Sustainability and Pastoral Livelihoods: Lessons from East Africa and Mongolia. Human Organization 62(2):112-122.

Kokwaro, J. O. 1976. Medicinal Plants of East Africa, Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi.

Kokwaro, J. O. 1993. Medicinal Plants of East Africa, Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi.

Moerman, D. 2007. Agreement and meaning: Rethinking consensus analysis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112 451–460

Sidigia, I., Nyaigotti-Chacha, C. and Kanunah, M. P. 1990. Traditional Medicine in Africa, East African Educational Publishers, Nairobi;.

WHO 1999. Development of national policy on traditional medicine .Workshop on the Development of National Policy on Traditional Medicine, Beijing, China, 11th – 15th October 1999. (http//www.wpro.who.int)

 

Table 1. Use Value (UV) of various plants cited in Kit Mikayi region.

 

Plant Name

Local Name

Uses

Part Used

Family Name

CU

UV

Thunbegia alata(Hook) Sims MSU/BG-5

NYAWEND AGWATA

Mouth/tongue/backache

Leaves

ACANTHACEAE

5

0.078

Lannea Schweinfurthii (Eryl.)Engl. Syn.Lannea stuhlmanii(Engl.)Engl. MSU/BG-6

KWOGO

Headache/Stomach pain

Bark

ANACARDIACEAE

8

0.125

Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl MSU/BG-7

OCHUOGA

Chest pain /Stomachache

Roots

APOCYCEAE

10

0.156

Thevetia Peruviana(Person) Schumann MSU/BG-8

CHAMAMA

Cut/flu

Leaves/Fruits

APOCYNACEAE

5

0.078

Balanites aegyptica  L.Del  MSU/BG-9

OTHOO

Venereal/Stomach pains

Bark,Fruit,

Roots

BALANITACEAE

20

0.312

Markhamia Lutea (Berith)Kschum Syn.M.hide brandtii(Baker)Sprogue.M.Platycalyx Sprague.

SIALA

Conjunctivitis/Labour

Leaves, Roots

BIGNONIACEAE

8

0.125

Kigelia africana(lam)Benth MSU/BG-10

YAGO

Anemial

Fruits, bark

BIGNONIACEAE

12

0.187

Commiphora Africana(A.Rich)Engl.sectin africanae MSU/BG-11

ARU PINY

Stomachache/

Venereal

Roots

BURSERACEAE

10

0.156

Tylosema fassoglense(Schweif)

Torre and Hill  MSU/BG-12

OMBASA

Kwashiakor

Roots

CAESALPINIACEAE

8

0.125

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.)A Gray MSU/BG-13

Akech

Throat/Stomachache

Leaves

COMPOSITAE

15

0.234

Ageratum conyzoides L. MSU/BG-14

OLUORO CHIENG

Cuts

Leaf/Roots

COMPOSITAE or ASTERACEAE

8

0.125

Bidens pilosa L. MSU/BG-15

ONYIEGO

Eye/Stomachache

Leaf

COMPOSITAE

12

0.187

Acmella calimiza Del. Syn.Spilannthes maurttanum (pers) D.C.A Rich MSU/BG-16

NYAJUOK

Teeth/Sores

Whole/Leaves

COMPOSITAE

10

0.156

Vernonia

aemulans .vatke MSU/BG-17

NYABUNG

ODEDE

Chest pain

Fever

Leaves

COMPOSITAE

12

0.187

Sphaeranthus Cyathuloides O.Hoff M. MSU/BG-18

ADUPA

Measles

Leaves

COMPOSITAE

14

0.2187

Ipomea hildebrandtii Vatke MSU/BG-19

ONG’ONG’O

Stomachache/Measles

Leaves

CONVOLVULALACEAE

18

0.28125

Euclea divinonim Hiern MSU/BG-20

OCHOL

Purgative/toothache

Fruits/bark and roots

EBENACEAE

20

0.3125

Erythrococca bongensis pax MSU/BG-21

OKWERO GWENO 

Cough

Leaves

EUPHOBIACEAE

12

0.873

Fuerstia africana T.C.E Tries MSU/BG-22

AREMO

Purgative

Leaves

LABIATAE

10

0.156

Plectranthus comosus Sims Syn. P. barbatus MSU/BG-23

OKITA

Ear problem

Leaves

LABIATAE

12

0.1873

Hyptis pectinata L.point MSU/BG-24

OLUOCHIEL

Stomachache

Roots/Leaves

LABIATAE

 

 

Acacia Lahai Benth MSU/BG-25

ALAKTAR

Skin eruptionc

Bark

LEGUMINOSAE

10

0.156

Albizia Coriaria Oliv MSU/BG- 26

OBER

Venerial/Sore/eyes

Bark

MIMOSOIDAe

8

0.125

Abrus  precatorius. L. Spp.africana Verdc MSU/BG-27

OMBULU

Measles/Veneriuals

Whole

PAPILIONOIDEA

3

0.0468

Sida Cuneifolia L. MSU/BG-28

OGUNDU

Stomachache

Roots

MALVACEAE

2

0.03125

Scutia myrtina(Burn) Kurz MSU/BG-29

ONG’ONO

Backachel

Chest pain

Root

RHAMNACEAE

4

0.0625

Solanum incanum L.  MSU/BG-29

OCHOK

Chest pains,

Cuts

Fruits

SOLANACEAE

8

0.125

Rhoicissus revoili Planch

RABONGO

MADHAKO

Bacteriostatic

Roots

VITACEAE

2

0.0312

Cyphostemma  Serpens A Rich MSU/BG-30

BWOMBWE

Boils

Leaf

VITACEAE

4

0.0625

Maerlia edulis L  MSU/BG-31

AMOYO

Antiveneral

Roots

CARPPARIDACEA

7

0.1093

Warburgia salutaris L. MSU/BG-32

AJUA

Stomachache toothache fever Constipation

Bark

CANELLACEAE

13

0.202

Ormocarpum Trachocarpum L MSU/BG-33

DET

Antimiscarriage

Bark

LEGUMINOSEAE

9

0.1406

Agave sisalama L MSU/BG-34

TUORO

Stomachache

Disinfectacnt

Leaf

AGAVACEAE

11

0.1718

Sesbania sesban L

OSAO

Stomachache

Leaf

LEGUMINOSOE

8

0.25

Chenopodium Opulifolium L  MSU/BG-35

ONGODO

Liver

Leaf

CHENOPODIACEAE

2

0.03125

Acanthus Pubescens L  MSU/BG-36

OYWECH

Liver

Leaf

ACANTHACEAE

4

0.0625

Croton dischogamus   MSU/BG-37

OKWACH

Inhalation Fumigatio fever

Leaf/Roots

EUPHORBIACEAE

16

0.25

 

UV=CU/64  UV  = EU/n, where UV = use value of an ethnospecies (species based on folk names),  U = number of quotations per

ethnospecies n = number of informants=64.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2. Informant consensus factor ICF values of species on various disease categories.

 

 

CA

CB

CC

CD

CE

ICF

1

Mouth/Tongue

             3

8.108

5

5.1

0.5

2

Backache

             2

5.405

3

3.06

0.5

3

Headache

              1

2.702

2

2.04

1

4

Stomachache

             11

29.7297

20

20.4

0.47

5

Chest pains

              4

10.810

7

7.1

0.5

6

Venerials

               5

13.5135

9

9.1

0.5

7

Cut

               3

8.108

5

5.1

0.5

8

Flu

               1

2.702

2

7.1

1

9

Conjunctivitis

               1

2.702

2

2.04

1

10

Anemia

               1

2.702

2

2.04

1

11

Kwashiokor

               1

2.702

2

2.04

1

12

Throat

               1

2.702

2

2.04

1

13

Eye

               2

5.405

3

3.06

0.5

14

Measles

               3

8.108

5

5.1

0.5

15

Sores

              2

5.405

3

2.04

0.5

16

Fever

              2

5.405

3

3.06

0.5

17

Purgative

              2

5.405

2

2.04

0

18

Cough

               1

2.702

2

2.04

1

19

Ear problem

               1

2.702

2

2.04

1

20

Skin eruption

               1

2.702

2

2.04

1

21

Bacteriostatic

               1

2.702

2

2.04

1

22

Boils

              1

2.702

2

2.04

1

23

Constipation

              1

2.702

2

2.04

1

24

Disinfectant

              1

2.702

2

2.04

1

25

Liver

              2

5.405

3

3.06

0.5

26

Inhalation

              1

2.702

2

2.04

1

27

Fumigation

               1

2.702

2

2.04

1

 

TOTAL

             37            

100

N(98)

100

XXX

CA =Disease category

CB =Number of species for the  disease category

CC =CB/37   (37= Number of species cited)

CD =Number of citations for the disease category

CE = CD/98 (98=Total number of citations)

ICF= Informant consensus factor=(CD- CB)/ (CD-1) ( Moerman  , 2007)